1. Organic vs. Inorganic Inorganic lack a carbon-hydrogen combination
Ex) water, salts (NaCl, KCl)
Organic substances always contain both carbon and hydrogen
C6H12O6
Glucose
C12H22O11

2. Macromolecules (Organic)
Carbohydrates : Bread, Potatoes, and Pasta
Lipids: Fats, Butter, and Oils
Proteins: Meats, Peanuts, Beans, and Eggs
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

3. Carbohydrates Function of carbs
Elements that make up carbs: C H O; Always 2:1 ratio between H and O
Function of carbs
Main energy source
Structural component: cell walls, insects exoskeleton
Used by cells to recognize other cells: receptors

4. Carbohydrate

6. Monomer of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: one sugar: ex: Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical formula = C6H12O6
Polymers
Disaccharides: two monomers: ex: sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides: many monomers: ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

7. Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

8. Lipids Examples: Fats, Waxes and Oils
(Mostly C & H); no ratio between H and O
Function of lipids
Stored energy
Structural components

10. Lipids are also made of Monomers: 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
Two types of lipids
Saturated: contains max. # H atoms.
Unsaturated: contains some C=C bonds.

11. Proteins Elements of proteins: C, H, O, N Functions
Control rate of reactions
Regulates cell processes (enzymes)
Building materials (collagen & elastin, coloration pigments)
Fight disease (antibodies)

13. Building blocks of proteins
amino acids (AA): are monomers or building blocks of proteins
The protein is the Polymers:
proteins are also called polypeptides
One bonded to another AA
Peptide bonds are used to bond one amino acid to another to form proteins
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA
Draw an AA, R=H----glycine; R=CH3---alanine 13

14. A large protein chain made of small amino acids
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15. Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
The shape of Protein molecule is influenced by the sequence of amino acids in it
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16. Nucleic Acids Elements of nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, P
Function of nucleic acids
Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks to our genetic code (DNA)
Monomers of nucleic acids are called Nucleotides
Three nucleotides of nucleic acids are:
5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group
Polymer
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Polynucleotide held together covalently 16

18. The 2 Types Of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our hereditary info.
directs all cell activities
1st identified as double helix 1953 by Watson and Crick
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes hereditary info. (copies DNA) to make a protein the body needs
* this means that proteins determine the nature and activities of the cell

19. The Nucleotide All nucleotides are identical
The only difference is the type of nitrogenous base they have.
There are 4 types: Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine.
These bases pair up in a specific way to make the rungs of the DNA Double Helix.

20. Energy and Chemical Reactions
Living things undergo thousands of chemical reactions as part of the life process

22. Certain chemical substances (catalysts) can speed up or slow down a reaction.
Biological catalysts are called enzymes
If it ends in ase it is an enzyme.

23. Enzymes are an important class of catalysts in living organisms
Mostly protein
Thousands of different kinds
Each specific for a different chemical reaction

24. Enzyme Action Enzyme-Substrate Complex
substrates – the reacting molecules; the substance(s) that the enzyme works on,
active site – that portion of the enzyme into which the reacting molecules fit
product – the substance that results from the enzymatic activity

25. Enzyme Structure Enzymes work on substances called substrates
Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme called the active site
Enzymes are reusable!
End in –ase
-Sucrase
-Lactase
-Maltase

26. Active Site
A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate.
Enzyme
Substrate
Active Site

27. Lock + Key- refers to how the active site + substrate fits together
there is only one key to a lock
there is only one substrate to an active site

28. Enzyme video

29. Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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30. Overview of enzymes
Enzyme- Protein that can speed up or slow down a reaction.
Substrate-The reaction molecule, that the enzyme works on.
Active Site- Portion of the enzyme that reacting molecules fit in. Has a specific shape.
Lock & Key fit- A specific substrate will only fit into a specific enzyme.

31. Factors that affect enzyme action- Temperature, pH level, and enzyme/substrate concentration.
Enzymes become denatured with temperatures that are too high or pH levels not 7. The active site changes shape.
Examples of Enzymes-
Lactase, the enzyme breaks down lactose
Protease and peptidase - A protease is any enzyme that can break down a long protein into smaller chains called peptides
Amylases - breaks down starch chains into smaller sugar molecules.
Maltase- breaks down maltose
Catalase- breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to water.

32. Enzyme Characteristics
Made up of proteins
Are reusable
Are Specific
Required by ALL chemical processes in organisms
Control the rate of metabolic (chemical reactions) in the body.
Weaken chemical bonds so molecules can be made or broken down by the body
Many end is ~ase