1. Warm-Up Suzy wanted to make sweet tea. She decided to test 5 different pitchers of tea with different amounts of sugar to see exactly how much sugar she should add to make the tea perfectly sweet. What is the independent variable? What is the dependant variable? What would be the control? What would be the controlled variables?

2. Biochemistry

3. What is an atom?

4. What is the atomic number? # of protons What is the atomic mass? # of protons + neutrons Usually, # protons and electrons are equal.

5. 1 1 Hydrogen Protons Electrons

6. Carbon Protons Electrons Neutrons 6 6 6

7. Phosphorous Protons Electrons Neutrons 15

8. Now you try: 1.Oxygen 2.Nitrogen

9. Oxygen Protons Electrons Neutrons 888888

10. Nitrogen Protons Electrons Neutrons 777777

11. How do atoms interact with each other? through their electrons

12. Which electrons do you think atoms use to do their interacting? the electrons in the outermost shell aka VALENCE ELECTRONS

13. What do we call these interactions? bonds

14. There are 2 types of bonds IONIC – 1 atom gives away valence electrons to another COVALENT – both atoms share valence electrons

15. IONIC BOND NaCl Exchange of electrons

16. IONIC BOND NaCl

17. COVALENT BOND OO Sharing of electrons

18. COVALENT BOND O

19. Let’s look at some other covalent bonds

20. Water H 2 0 H O H

21. H N H H Ammonia NH 3

22. Carbon Dioxide CO 2 O C O

23. Molecule vs Compound A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds. Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ), molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) are not compounds because each is composed of a single element. Water (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) are compounds because each is made from more than one element. The smallest bit of each of these substances would be referred to as a molecule. For example, a single molecule of molecular hydrogen is made from two atoms of hydrogen while a single molecule of water is made from two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

24. Water makes up a large portion of our body. Ammonia is found in urine as a waste product of breaking down proteins. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that we exhale. These molecules are all found in the human body.

25. Biomolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

26. What is the purpose of eating food? to extract the organic compounds we need to carry out chemical reactions (breaking down of proteins, carbohydrates) in our body

27. What did you have for breakfast?

28. Carbohydrates Most abundant of the biomolecules Storage and transport of energy Sugar and starch Structural component (cellulose in plants)

29. Carbohydrates C,H,O hexagon shape

30. Proteins Large compounds made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in a chain Structural components of animal cells includes enzymes that catalyze (speed up) reactions Needed for metabolism & building muscle

31. Proteins C,H,O,N Y shaped zig-zag

32. Lipids Fats, oils, waxes, & cholesterol Energy storage Structural component of cell membrane insulation

33. Types of Fats Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature has C=C double bonds plants (olive oil) Saturated: solid at room temperature no C=C double bonds saturated (full) with hydrogen animals (lard)

34. Lipids C,H,O long chain

35. Nucleic Acids made of nucleotides make up and store genetic material DNA RNA code for protein

36. C,H,O,N,P

37. Answer the following 1.If you wanted quick energy, which biomolecule would you ingest? 2.If you wanted to build muscle, which biomolecule would you ingest?

38. After we eat these biomolecules, how are they used in our bodies?

39. Biomolecules in our cells!

40. So what makes up these biomolecules?

41. Macromolecules big molecules that are made up of smaller molecules

42. A smaller unit of molecules or monomer combines with other monomers to make a large molecule or polymer. Mono means single Poly means many

43. ex: glucose (monomer) combine to form starch (polymer) glucose

44. ex: amino acids (monomer) combine to form protein (polymer)

45. ex: nucleotides (monomer) combine to form nucleic acids (polymer)

46. ex: fatty acid (monomer)and glycerol combine to form triglyceride (polymer)

47. Types of Fats Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature has C=C double bonds plants (olive oil) Saturated: solid at room temperature no C=C double bonds saturated (full) with hydrogen animals (lard)

48. Which are saturated or unsaturated?

49. What are trans fats? Unsaturated fats that have hydrogen added to make them more desirable, but are really bad for you. Trans fats raise your LDL (bad cholesterol).

50. You will be able to answer: 1.What is happening during a condensation reaction? 2.What is happening during a hydrolysis reaction?

51. Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

52. Dehydration synthesis reaction

54. What is happening during dehydration synthesis? Monomers combine to form polymers Water (H 2 O) molecules formed H2OH2O

55. Hydrolysis reaction

56. What’s happening during a hydrolysis reaction polymers break up into monomers Water (H 2 O) is used Hydro refers to water… lysis means to break apart H2OH2O

57. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__enzyme_action_an d_the_hydrolysis_of_sucrose.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__enzyme_action_an d_the_hydrolysis_of_sucrose.html