1. Macromolecules

2. General Structure Organic – Carbon based Hydrocarbons – Carbon and hydrogen only » Methane Inorganic – Non-carbon based Functional Groups – Group of atoms that interact with other molecules Creates shape – Determines function

3. General Structure Monomers – Single large molecules composed of many smaller atoms Polymers – Long chains of monomers

4. Building and Breaking Polymers Construction – Dehydration reaction Loses water molecule Break Down – Hydrolysis Reaction Add water

5. Starter What are the differences between a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction? What are the properties that make water so important? What are the 4 major macromolecules? What are the two parts to a chemical reaction? Explain why water is polar. What are orbitals and how many electrons are in the first two that we talked about? Complete the orbitals for H, O, C, N?

6. Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

7. Carbohydrates Main fuel supply for cellular work

8. Carbohydrate Structure Made of sugar molecules – Composed of the following Organic Molecules Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

9. Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – simple sugars – 1 sugar unit – Ex: glucose Disaccharides – double sugar – 2 monosaccharides – Ex: Sucrose Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrate – Ex: starch

10. Glucose

11. Sucrose

12. Starch

13. Stored Sugar Organisms break sugars down – Use what they need – Store what they don’t Glycogen

14. Lipids Energy Storage Cell Membrane Structure – Fats

15. Lipid Structure 3 carbon backbone attached to three fatty acids – Saturated – all three fatty acids chains have maximum number of Hydrogen atoms Butter – Unsaturated – contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains fruits

18. Types of Lipids Steroids – Four fused rings Lipids because they are hydrophobic – Estrogen – Testosterone – Cholesterol Necessary to surround cells

20. Proteins Responsible for almost all day-to-day functioning of organisms Hair Muscle Long-term nutrient storage

21. Protein Structure Made up of Amino Acids – Linked together in a chain called a polypeptide Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen

23. Types of Proteins All proteins are the same EXCEPT – The R-Group Determines the proteins function

24. Enzymes Reactions require energy to proceed – Heat is a common energy source but body temp is too low. ENZYMES ARE NEEDED!!!!!  A protein that speeds up specific biochemical reactions  Recognized by the –ase ending – Lower the amount of energy required to start these reactions Lower the activation energy – Catalyst – Recycled

26. Continued Very specific – Acts on certain chemicals called substrates Sucrase  Sucrose – Breakdown to fructose and glucose – Recognizes substrate by shape

27. Nucleic Acids Stores Genetic Information Double Helix Sugar, Phosphate and Nitrogenous Base – A, C, T, G, U

28. Nucleic Acids Made of Nucleotide chains – Store genetic information – Direct protein Synthesis Making of Proteins

29. Types of Nucleic Acids Two very common types – Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA – Ribonucleic Acid RNA