1. Biochemistry Chapter 6

2.  The element carbon is a component of almost all biological (organic) molecules.

3.  Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost energy level.  Carbon compounds can be straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

4.  Carbon can share 1, 2, or 3 pairs of electrons with another atom  Functional groups influence molecule characteristics Hydroxyl –OH O Carboxyl –C-OH H Amino N-H O Phosphate -O-P-OH OH

5.  Macromolecules large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules  Polymers molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by covalent bonds

6.  Condensation Reaction-water is released each time a monomer is added to a polymer  Hydrolysis-water breaks down a polymer  Reverse of each other

7. Energy Currency  adenosine triphosphate-ATP  Bonds between the phosphate groups are less stable  When bond is broken, (hydrolysis) energy is released

8. Carbohydrates  Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH 2 O) n

9.  Values of n ranging from three to seven are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides.  Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide.  Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides.

10. Proteins  A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids

11.  Amino acids have a central carbon atom.  One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen.  The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH 2 ), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).

12.  The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.  After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat.

13. Lipids  Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen  A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.  Lipids only single bonds - saturated fats.  Lipids at least one double bond - unsaturated fats.  Fats more than one double bond - polyunsaturated fats.

16. Phospholipids  Made of a glycerol, phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains  2 layers of these-bilayer- makes up cell membranes

17.  Nucleic acids - complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information-DNA, RNA  Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen