1. Physiological Influences in Psychology

3. Mapping Brain Functions from the Inside Hall Flourens Mike, the headless chicken

4. Extirpation a technique for determining the function of a given part of the animal’s brain by removing it or destroying it and observing the resulting behavior changes

5. Clinical method posthumous examination of brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be responsible for behavioral conditions that existed before that person died

6. Paul Broca Broca’s area Used clinical method Phineas Gage

7. Research on Brain Functions, mapping from the Outside Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828) Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828) Phrenology Phrenology Spurzheim Spurzheim

8. Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Electric stimulation in the leg of a frog Electric stimulation in the leg of a frog Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)

9. The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology Germany Germany Helmholtz Helmholtz Weber Weber Fechner Fechner Wundt (next chapter) Wundt (next chapter)

10. Herman Helmholtz (1821-1894) Jack of all trades Invented opthalmoscope Young-Helmholtz

11. Ernst Weber (1795-1878) Just noticeable Differences: The smallest difference that ca be detected between two physical stimuli. Two-Point Thresholds: the threshold at which two points can be distinguished as such

12. Gustav Fechner Dr. Mises The effects of the intensities are not absolute but relative to the sensation that already exists.

13. Thresholds Absolute threshold: the point of sensitivity below which no sensations can be detected and above which no sensations can be experienced. Differential Threshold: The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in sensation.