1. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

2. Overview
Description
Applications
Issues

3. Magnetography
Term used to describe a recording of the magnetic field that accompanies a bioelectric event
Movement of electric charge gives rise to a magnetic field
Depolarization & repolarization  translocation of ions  movement of charge  give rise to magnetic field  detected with suitable eqipment

4. Magnetogram & electrogram: common origin  reflect the same event but provides a different type of information
Magnetic fields pass freely through living tissue  little attenuation of magnetic field
No need for contact with the body to record magnetogram  electrodeless recording

5. Magnetic field by active tissues  measured by voltage induced in search coil
Detector  represent first derivative of bioelectric event
Field low intensity  necessary to use magnetic shielding and/or signal averaging to obtain adequate SNR

7. SQUID : Superconducting Quantum Interference Device

14. MEG MEG : non-invasive tool to study epilepsy and brain function.
MEG measures small electrical currents arising inside the neurons of the brain.
These currents produce small magnetic fields.
MEG generates a accurate representation of the magnetic fields produced by the neurons.

15. To some degree, MEG is similar to EEG.
An important difference is that the skull and the tissue surrounding the brain affect the magnetic fields measured by MEG much less than they affect the electrical impulses measured by EEG.
The advantage of MEG over EEG is therefore greater accuracy owing to the minimal distortion of the signal.

16. The combination of the images of and MRI extremely helpful
This allows for more usable and reliable localization of brain function.
The combination of the images of and MRI extremely helpful
for identifying areas of the brain that may be generating a potential for seizures
for localizing the electrical activity in normal brain function.

17. MEG
Passive measurement of minute current dipoles and corresponding magnetic moments
Magnetic field generated by neurons on the order of tens of femtoTeslas
High resolution in both space (2 - 3mm) and time (<1ms)

18. Why is an MEG performed?
In the evaluation of epilepsy, MEG is used to localize the source of epileptiform brain activity.
Usually performed with simultaneous EEG.
MEG may be helpful in the following situations:
Seizure localization
Lesion
Tumours

19. It can improve the detection of potential sources of seizures by revealing the exact location of the abnormalities, which may then allow physicians to find the cause of the seizures.
It can help when MRI scans show a lesion but the EEG findings are not entirely consistent with the MRI information.

20. In patients who have brain tumors or other lesions, the MEG may be able to map the exact location of the normally functioning areas near the lesion prior to surgery.
In patients who have had past brain surgery, the electrical field measured by EEG may be distorted by the changes in the scalp and brain anatomy. If further surgery is needed, MEG may be able to provide necessary information without invasive EEG studies.

21. Magnetoencephalography - Apparatus
Patient wears a helmet containing an array of 100+ sensitive magnetic field measurement devices
Measurement devices are called SQUIDs – Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices
Measurements must occur in costly magnetically shielded room

22. Magnetoencephalography - Apparatus
Lead shell must be kept below 8 Kelvin for superconducting properties
Surface Meissner currents expel external magnetic fields, reducing noise by six orders of magnitude

23. Magnetoencephalography - Apparatus
Screen is used for patient stimulation for functional mapping

24. Magnetoencephalography - Applications
Epilepsy diagnosis
Functional Imaging and Mapping

25. Magnetoencephalography – Epilepsy Diagnosis
Epilepsy is a condition wherein a patient suffers from repeated seizures that originate in the brain.
Manifested by extraordinarily high localized brain activity.
MEG ideal to locate such epileptic centers for surgical removal

26. Magnetoencephalography – Epilepsy Diagnosis
Epileptic seizure scan data and postprocessing

27. Magnetoencephalography – Epilepsy Diagnosis
Previous method: Intracranial Electroencephalography
Invasive surgery to lay EEG sensor network directly on the brain
Network connected to EEG monitor in hospital intensive care units.

28. Magnetoencephalography – Functional Imaging
Functional Imaging utilizes the high temporal resolution to generate real time brain scans
Doctors can use these scans to determine how the brain reacts to various stimuli
Multiple scans allow a brain map to be built, providing a base to begin research linking neural activity to specific classes of stimuli

29. Magnetoencephalography – Functional Imaging
An averaged somato-sensory evoked response from a tactile stimulation of the second right digit.
Dipole fit results for this scan.

30. Issues
Noise – the background magnetic field of the earth is roughly 60 microTesla, approximately 9 orders of magnitude greater than that generated by the neurons of the brain
Reconstruction of imagery is inherently ill posed, as it is an inverse problem of Maxwell’s Equations
Mathematics of the reconstruction well beyond the scope of this presentation

31. Sources
Belle Dumé: Brain Scans Made Easy.
CTF MEG Systems:
National Society for Epilepsy: Information on Epilepsy.

32. Additional Readings
Habib Ammari, et al: An Inverse Source Problem For Maxwell’s Equations In Magnetoencephalography.
Takashi Suzuki: Parallel optimization applied to magnetoencephalography.

33. Questions