1. Software Agent 인지 구조 John R. Anderson, "Human Symbol Manipulation Within an Integrated Cognitive Architecture," Cognitive Science, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 313–341, 2005 4 주차 : 제 1 발제 인지구조 / 발제자 : 최봉환

2. Outline Introduction ACT-R Use of brain imaging The capacity for re-representation: A uniquely human trait?

3. Introduction Overview of ACT-R theory –illustrative application of it to algebra equation solving Algebra equation solving –uniquely human cognitive activity –"what is unique about human cognitive?" Comparing human brain with ACT-R –preliminary mapping ACT-R component to brain  functional fMRI

4. ACT-R Theory ACT-R –Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational = cognitive architecture Theory –for "how human cognition works"

5. ACT-R Architecture Role Input = Problem representation (3x - 5 = 7) Mental representation (3x = 12) Communication, Procedural Control Goal : Strategy decision (unwind stratage) Retrieve Critical Information (7+5=12) Output (x=4) massive parallelism & central bottle neck

6. Algebra equation manipulation Why algebra equation solving problem –substantial complexity –tractably characterized and studied unlike many human accomplishments (cf : Natural language) Problem – –solved by unwind strategy 

7. The ACT–R model General instruction – 

8. The ACT–R model : speedup Speedup –Compilation collapse multiple steps into single step –Reduction of retrieval times subsymbolic learning –instruction strongly encoded during day0 arithmetic fact repeated  major learning happening at the symbolic level –production rules

9. Regions of interest Caudate  procedural prefrontal  retrieval Anterior cingulate  goal Paretal  problem state or imaginal motor  manual

10.  Measuring activity –BOLD : blood-oxygen-level-dependent measure neural activity directly have been attempted –profile of activity in modules t = time, s = scales the time, a = determines the shape of BOLD response, m = govern magnitude f(x) = engage function

11. Characterizing the differences among the brain regions

12. Assessing goodness of fit Measure the degree of mismatch against the noise in the data – 

13. 토의 제안 인간과 동일한 구조를 모사하는 것의 의미는 ? – 인간과 동일할 필요가 있는가 ? 인간에게 원하는 것과 컴퓨터에게 원하는 것이 다를 것 같은데.. – 인간과 동일한 것을 증명할 필요는 있는가 ? 1+3 = 4 = 2+2=4 라면 내부구조의 의미는 ? 성능은 ? – 간단한 문제라서 잘 풀리는 것이 아닌지 ? – 수학적인 문제 혹은 논리적인 문제에만 적용 가능한 건 아닌지 모호함에 대한 해결책은 ? –ACT-R 은 Deliberative Agent 인듯한데 모호한 정의에 대한 묘사는 어떻게 ? –Goal based Agent 로 구성되어 있는데 목적지는 어떻게 찾을 것인가 ?