2. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease: Learning the Language

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Multimedia Directory Slide 30Medical Specialties Video Slide 43Vital Signs Video 1 Slide 44Vital Signs Video 2 Slide 45Blood Pressure Animation Slide 46Rectal Temperature Video Slide 47Axillary Temperature Video Slide 48Tympanic Temperature Video Slide 49Radial Pulse Video Slide 67Hand Washing and Gloving Video Slide 68Hand Washing with Antiseptic Video Slide 69Hand Washing with Water Video Slide 70Gowning Video

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Multimedia Directory (cont’d) Slide 71Using Masks Video Slide 72Capping Video Slide 73Sterile Gloving Video Slide 74Protective Eyewear Video Slide 82Cervical Injury Animation Slide 83Medical Assisting Video Slide 84Health Information Management Video Slide 85Medical Transcription Video

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeeIntroduction Health professionals speak a foreign language called medical terminology This chapter lays the foundation for learning this new language Future chapters build upon the foundation that begins here, so at journey’s end you will not only understand anatomy, physiology, and disease, but be fluent in the language

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Learning Objectives Understand the terms anatomy, physiology, and disease and various related areas Relate the importance and purpose of medical terminology to anatomy, physiology, and disease Construct and define medical terms using word roots, prefixes, and suffixes Explain the concept and importance of homeostasis

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Learning Objectives (cont’d) Contrast the metabolic processes of anabolism and catabolism Relate signs and symptoms to the disease process Discuss disease concepts related to the body’s defense mechanism Contrast routes of transmission of disease and appropriate preventative measures

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Pronunciation Guide Anabolism Anatomy Catabolism Diagnosis Epidemiology Etiology Homeostasis Idiopathic (ah NA bow lizm) (ah NA tom ee) (ka TA bow lizm) (Dye ahg NOH siss) (EP uh dee me ALL oh jee) (ee tee ALL oh jee) (hoh mee oh STAY siss) (ID ee oh path ick) Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) Macroscopic Anatomy Metabolism Microscopic Anatomy Nosocomial Organism Pathology Physiology Prognosis Syndrome (MAK roh scop ic ah NA tom ee) (me TA bow lizm) (MY kroh scop ic ah NA tom ee) (NOHS oh koh me al) (OR gan iz em) (path ALL oh jee) (fiz ee ALL oh jee) (prog NOH siss) (SIN drohm) Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeeAnatomy Anatomy: study of internal and external structures of the human body Human body is complex and amazing; to truly understand it you must know how it is put together Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut apart” Specialties within field of anatomy include microscopic anatomy and macroscopic (gross) anatomy

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Microscopic Anatomy Specialized field of anatomy Study of structures that can only be seen and studied with magnification aids such as a microscope –Study of cellular structures: cytology –Study of tissue samples: histology

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Macroscopic Anatomy Also called gross anatomy Study of structures of the body visible to the naked, or unaided, eye Examples include: –Study of the skeletal system –Looking at an X-ray (radiology)

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeePhysiology Focuses on function and vital processes of various structures making up the human body Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of how anatomical structures actually function Deals with all vital processes of life; is more complex, with more sub-specialties

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Subspecialties of Physiology Human physiology Animal physiology Cellular physiology Neurophysiology

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Putting It All Together Anatomy focuses on structures and how something is put together Physiology is the study of how these different structures work together to make the body function as a whole Design of the structure is often related to its function

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Putting It All Together (cont’d) Human anatomy and physiology (A&P) forms the foundation for all medical practice Medical treatment attempts to bring the body’s structure and function back to normal A&P

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 1-1 A. Normal red blood cells (RBCs) are flexible and donut shaped and move with ease through blood vessels. (Photo © Phototake NYC) B. The anatomical distortion of the structure of RBCs in sickle cell anemia affects its normal function to carry oxygen. In addition, the sickle cells lose their ability to bend and pass through the small blood vessels, thereby causing blockages to blood flow. (Photo © Photo Researchers, Inc.)

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee What is Disease? Disease (meaning not at ease) is a condition in which the body fails to function normally The body works to make things function smoothly and maintain balance known as homeostasis Pathology is the study of disease characteristics, causes, and effects Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal body function

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Terms Related to Disease Etiology: cause of the disease Epidemiology: study of the transmission, frequency of occurrence, distribution, and control of a disease

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Types of Diseases Idiopathic diseases: those for which the cause cannot be determined Communicable diseases: those that have potential to be spread from person to person –Contagious diseases: readily transmitted from one person to another –Tracked by Center for Disease Control (CDC)

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Distribution of Communicable Diseases Endemic: diseases that occur in specific populations or regions Epidemic: when diseases occur in large numbers over specific region Pandemic: when diseases spread country or worldwide

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Medical Terminology Language of A&P and disease primarily based on medical terminology Learning medical terminology requires understanding of root terms, prefixes, and suffixes that can be put together to form variety of terms Each medical term has a basic structure upon which to build, called a word root Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words and can change or alter meaning

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Building Blocks of Medical Terms Word roots: basic parts (foundation) of medical terms –Often given in combining form (word root plus connecting vowel) Prefixes: word parts that come before the root Suffixes: word parts that come after the root

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 1-2 How prefixes and suffixes can be combined with a word root to form many medical terms.

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Table 1-1 Common Combining Terms

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Table 1-2 Common Prefixes

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Table 1-3 Table 1-3 Common Suffixes

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Common Medical Abbreviations Extensively used in the medical profession Useful in simplifying long, complicated terms for diseases, diagnostic procedures, and therapies during charting You will learn more abbreviations with each chapter

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Table 1-4 Common Medical Abbreviations

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Professionals who work in medical assisting must become very familiar with medical terminology in their workplace.

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Back to Directory Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Specialties.here Medical Specialties Video

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee The Metric System Mathematical language of anatomy and physiology Two major measurement systems used in world today –United States Customary System (USCS): used by general population in United States – Système International (SI): used everywhere else, including US healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies; also called Metric System, based on the power of ten

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee The United States Customary System (USCS) Based on the British Imperial System Different designations for length, weight, and volume –Volume in ounces, pints, quarts, gallons, pounds –Distances in inches, feet, yards, and miles –Weight in pounds, ounces, and tons Commonly called the English System Cumbersome to use; no common base; no relationship between each unit of measure

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee The International System (SI) Commonly called the Metric System; numerical language of science and medicine

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee The International System (SI) (cont’d) Units of measurements all based on units that relate to each other by powers of 10 –Length: millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm) –Weight: milliliters (ml), liters (L) –Volume: kilograms (kg), grams (g) Calculations only require moving decimal point to left or right (multiplying or dividing by 10, 100, 1000, etc.)

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeeMetabolism Refers to all chemical operations going on within the body –Requires various nutrients –Produces waste products –Includes all life-sustaining reactions within the body Two types: anabolism and catabolism Fever is common disease process that will speed up metabolism

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeeAnabolism Process of simple compounds being built up and then used to manufacture materials for growth, reproduction, and repair Building phase of metabolism Example: assembly of simple amino acids to form complex proteins

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeeCatabolism Process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances Breaking down phase of metabolism Example: breakdown of food into simpler chemical building blocks for energy Abnormal and extreme example: starvation victim whose body will “feed upon itself” by actually consuming own body’s tissues

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeeHomeostasis Physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium Survival depends on ability to maintain homeostasis Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments made in human organism to maintain a stable internal environment –For example, a thermostat is a homeostatic control in a home

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Negative Feedback Loop Continuous feedback loop to determine what required action is needed If feedback opposes the stimulus, it is a negative feedback loop Hypothalamus in the brain uses a negative feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis Example: thermostat triggering heater on and off to maintain set temperature

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 1-3 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F).

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Positive Feedback Increases magnitude of change versus resisting change Process known as a vicious cycle Does not maintain homeostasis but sometimes necessary to complete a specific process Often harmful if cycle cannot be broken Example: recurrent contraction of uterus during childbirth

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Disease Concepts Signs – objective, measurable indicators of illness –Examples: fever, change in color –Vital signs: signs vital to life  Pulse  Blood Pressure  Temperature  Respiratory Rate

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of vital signs.here Vital Signs Video 1 Back to Directory

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of vital signs.here Vital Signs Video 2 Back to Directory

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view an animation on the topic of blood pressure.here Blood Pressure Animation Back to Directory

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of taking a rectal temperature.here Rectal Temperature Video Back to Directory

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of taking an axillary temperature.here Axillary Temperature Video Back to Directory

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of taking a tympanic temperature.here Tympanic Temperature Video Back to Directory

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of taking a radial pulse.here Radial Pulse Video Back to Directory

51. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 1-4 A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.

52. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 1-4 (continued) A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.

53. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Disease Concepts (cont’d) Symptoms: subjective indicators of illness that are perceived only by the patient –Examples: pain, dizziness, itchiness

54. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Disease Concepts (cont’d) Syndrome: a specific grouping of signs and symptoms related to a specific disease –Example: Down Syndrome signs and symptoms include sloping forehead, low set ears, short broad hands, mild-to-moderate mental retardation, and often, cardiac valvular disease

55. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Disease Concepts (cont’d) Diagnosis: identification of disease determined by studying patient’s signs, symptoms, history, and results of diagnostic tests –Begins by obtaining Chief Complaint (CC) or reason the individual is seeking medical help –Continues as more details are obtained about the problem

56. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Disease Concepts (cont’d) Prognosis: prediction about outcome of a disease Acute conditions: rapid onset of signs and symptoms Chronic conditions: gradual onset of symptoms over a long period of time

57. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Disease Concepts (cont’d) Remission: period of time when signs and symptoms of chronic disease disappear Relapse: recurrence of a disease Exacerbation: “flare-up” of signs and symptoms Terminal disease: one with a prognosis of death

58. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Body’s Defense System Disease can result from pathogenic (disease producing) microorganisms invading body through openings referred to as portals of entry Body Barriers: first line of defense –Example: skin  Provides mechanical barrier (if unbroken )  Slightly acidic, which makes environment inhospitable to some pathogens

59. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Body’s Defense System (cont’d) Immune response: kicks in if pathogens get past barriers –Microscopic body cells activate  Some attack and “eat” pathogens  Some release powerful chemicals that disintegrate pathogens –If body has been attacked by that pathogen before, substances can be produced that specifically target that pathogen

60. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Body’s Defense System (cont’d) Inflammatory response – occurs whenever body tissues are injured –Possible triggers: physical injury, intense heat, chemical irritation, reaction to invading germs –Signs and symptoms: redness, increased temperature at affected site, swelling (edema), pain –Has protective function: Isolates injured area, Increases blood flow to restore normal function

61. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 1-5 Agents capable of stimulating an inflammatory response.

62. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Routes of Disease Transmission Vectors: when disease is spread by insect, or other non-human animal –Biological vector: infected insect spreads infection to person (example: malaria) –Mechanical vector: organism present on surface of insect is spread to person (example: a fly that lands on cow feces, and then on a person’s food)

63. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Routes of Disease Transmission (cont’d) Contact transmission –Direct contact: when a person becomes sick due to direct contact with a contagious body fluid –Indirect contact: when a person becomes sick due to contact with a contaminated object (example: catching the flu by picking up germs from a doorknob)

64. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Routes of Disease Transmission (cont’d) Common vehicles: when consumable goods (such as food) become contaminated; results in several people simultaneously developing same infection Airborne spread: when droplets containing a pathogen spread through the air

65. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Preventing the Spread of Communicable Diseases Requires breaking chain of infection (interrupting spread of disease from outside source into the body) Washing your hands is one of the most powerful ways of controlling the spread of disease

66. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Preventing the Spread of Communicable Diseases (cont’d) Universal Precautions: set of standard actions/procedures designed to prevent transmission of disease between patient and health care provider –Based on assumption that every person could have some kind of communicable disease –Includes use of gloves, gowns, goggles, masks, and other protective equipment in appropriate situations

67. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 1-6 Standard Precautions guidelines.

68. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of hand washing and gloving.here Hand Washing and Gloving Video Back to Directory

69. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of hand washing using antiseptic.here Hand Washing with Antiseptic Video Back to Directory

70. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of hand washing using water.here Hand Washing with Water Video Back to Directory

71. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of gowning.here Gowning Video Back to Directory

72. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of using masks.here Using Masks Video Back to Directory

73. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here Click here to view a video on the topic of capping.here Capping Video Back to Directory

74. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of sterile gloving.here Sterile Gloving Video Back to Directory

75. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of protective eyewear.here Protective Eyewear Video Back to Directory

76. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Snapshots from the Journey Anatomy: study of internal and external structures of the body Physiology: study of how structures normally function Pathology: study of disease Medical terminology: language of medicine combining root words, prefixes, and suffixes Metric system: mathematical language of medicine based on the power of ten

77. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d) Metabolism: all chemical operations going on within the body; anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down) are two primary processes of metabolism Homeostasis: body’s attempt to maintain balanced, or stable, environment Negative feedback loop: constant monitoring and changing of body’s environment to maintain homeostasis

78. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d) Change in objective measurable values such as temperature (signs) and subjective patient perceptions (symptoms) can indicate presence of disease Vital signs include: pulse, respiration, temperature, blood pressure

79. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d) Body’s defenses guard against invasion of pathogenic organisms; transmission routes include: vectors, contact transmission, common vehicle, and airborne spread

80. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Case Study A 66-year-old Asian male involved in a vehicular accident is taken to the ICU with dyspnea and abdominal pain. He has acrocyanosis, tachycardia, and a past medical history of cardiopathy. He weighs 150 pounds and is 5 feet 6 inches tall. His chest X-ray shows an enlarged heart. His facial injuries will require future rhinoplastic surgery. An electrocardiogram and lower GI series is ordered

81. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Case Study Questions Where exactly in the hospital was the patient taken? Describe the patient’s color, heart rate, and breathing. What is the medical term for what the X-ray showed? What future facial surgery will he need?

82. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Case Study Questions: Ray’s Story Explain how the relationship of Anatomy to Physiology has worked against Ray. What is the etiology of Ray’s current condition and his diagnosis? How would you state his prognosis? What future complications do you expect to see?

83. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view an animation showing a cervical diving injury.here Cervical Injury Animation Back to Directory

84. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Assisting.here Medical Assisting Video Back to Directory

85. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of Health Information Management.here Health Information Management Video Back to Directory

86. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Transcription.here Medical Transcription Video Back to Directory