2. Aims To determine and compare the levels of Naphthenic acid in crude oil and middle distillate samples. Study the effect of Naphthenic acid on crude oil and middle distillate samples To study physical and chemical behavior of Naphthenic acid. To also study its environmental hazard on both plant and animal.

3. Presence of naphthenic acids in crude oil lower its quality commercial products and also initiate corrosion. These are the major concern for industries. Another problem include extractions of natural bitumen from the surface mined oil sands using modified versions of the Clarke caustic hot water process which results in transfer naphthenates into large body water (Quagraine et al, 2005).

4. The use of potentiometric titration in the lab Firstly, you need to standardize the solutions of (KOH) by weighing ~6g of potassium hydroxide and dilute it in 1liter of iso-propanol heat gentle for about few minutes so as to increase it solubility then titrate against solutions of potassium acids phthalate (KHP) under a controlled temperature.

5. Measure about 100ml of naphthenic crude in a beaker and dissolve it in 200ml of titration solvent such as toluene, alcohol propane then filter the solution. Measure about 100ml of the dissolved oil into conical flask. Fill 50ml of burette with standard KOH solutions.

6. Then titrates KOH against oil. Watch out closely for the constant potential and the inflection point such that only a drop of KOH will reach end point. Record all the volume of KOH and cal. it concentration for all samples provided. Also, observe the point that reflects the largest potential changes for a unit KOH so as to trace the pH of solution before and after.

7. Calculate the TAN (Total Acid Number) using the equation below, mg KOH/g = (A-B) ×M×56.1/W in other to know the level of naphthenic acid in the samples provided. Note A and B represent differences between the highest and the lowest reflection points

8. Industrial scales The industrial plant of extractions of NAs should be cited close to an oil well. The use of zeolite catalyst. solvent that separate free oil and catalyst for recycling. Temperature 250-300°C At very high pressure.

9. Methods of extractions of NAs Ozonation, Advanced oxidation, Photo catalysis, microwave treatment, adsorption of NAs on activated carbon, membrane filtration (ultra filtration) and bioremediation (Allen, 2008)

10. Other metal-catalysts use for extractions of NAs The adsorption experiment revealed the effectiveness of several solid materials to naphthenic acid adsorption and acidity reduction of crude oil, the materials are either natural or synthesized. E.g. Metal catalyst such as Pt/SiO 2, Ni/Al 2 O 3 and Cu/SiO 2 These catalyst are obtained by impregnating their salt solutions such as H 2 PtCl 6, NiCl 2 and CuCl 2 followed by hydrogen reduction at 400°C for 1hr.

11. Adsorptions of NAs by Metals catalyst

12. The use of microbial species that are capable of biodegrading NAs in tailing ponds NAs Biosensor using Naphthenic acids sensing element for making the species

13. Industrial set up

14. Comparing Yields Metal catalyst BaTiO3 reduce TAN 53 % at temperature of about 3500 o C ZnTiO3 reduces acid level 11 %at bout 300oC Bioremediation Form overview This method reduce Naphthenic acid levels, yield about 45-67% output, depending on the nature of NAs

15. Thank you

16. Reference Allen, E.W.(2008). Process water treatment in the oil sands industry: I. A review of emerging technologies. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 7: 499– 524. doi:10.1139/S085f-020