1. Motivation, Emotion, & Stress stolen off www. appsychology
Motivation, Emotion, & Stress stolen off majorly altered by Mrs. C.

3. Motivation
A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
There are 4 perspectives psychologists use to try to understand and explain motivation.

4. Motivation
Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.
Instincts-complex behavior having fixed pattern through a species and is unlearned.
But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

5. Drive Reduction Theory
Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
Wants to maintain homeostasis. (balanced internal state)
When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive.
Primary versus Secondary drives

6. Drive Reduction Theory
Not only are we pushed to our “need” to reduce drives, we are also pulled by incentives- + or – stimuli that lure or repel us.
Need + Incentive = very strong drive
EG: Food deprivation + baking bread = very strong hunger drive

7. Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.
Having our bio. Needs met we feel driven to experience stimulation. Lacking stimulation, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to optimal level. Too much stimulation=stress & look to reduce it.
We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.

8. Yerkes-Dodson Law
The Yerkes-Dodson Law says we perform best under the optimal amount of arousal. (Like Goldilocks)
Not too much, not too little.

9. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.
We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.
Bolt 12-4 & 12-5

10. Motivation of HUNGER

11. Biological Basis of Hunger
Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.
It comes from our…
Brain
What part of the brain?
The Hypothalamus

12. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
When stimulated it makes you hungry.
When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.
When stimulated you feel full.
When lesioned you will never feel full again.
I’m late for lunch. I’m hungry. The lateral hypothalamus makes you hungry.

13. Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
Wants to maintain a stable weight.
Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.
Leptin theory-protien secreted by fat cells; when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism & decrease hunger

14. Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.
When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

15. Psychological Aspects of Hunger
Internal(physiology) vs External (attractiveness/availability of foods) cues
The Garcia Effect-learned taste aversions

16. Culture and Hunger
Natural wariness of unfamiliar foods extends to novel foods. Learn to appreciate them over time.
Spices – hot climates use them to inhibit bacteria in foods
Pregnancy – protect developing embryo from toxins.

17. Dog
Mice Wine
Fried Frog Legs
Criadillas- bull testicles.

18. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

19. Anorexia Nervosa
Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight.
See themselves as fat.
Vast majority are women.

20. Obesity
Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues.
Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity.
Click on the pictures to see some case studies on obesity.

21. Sexual Motivation Sex is natural.
Without sex, none of us would be here.
How do scientists (or you) find out about sex?
YOU ASK!!!!!!

22. Kinsey’s Studies
Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s).
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual.
Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

23. Masters and Johnson Study
In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.
382 females and 312 males.
After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

24. Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle
Initial Excitement
Plateau Phase
Orgasm
Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

25. Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation
Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. Both hunger & sex are influenced by cultural expectations.
Heiman 4 tape study.
People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

26. We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction:
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.

27. How is Sexual Orientation Determined
There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined.
Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay than if they were raised by hetero parents.
Then it is likely biologically determined.

28. The Brain
Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

29. Prenatal Environment
Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment.
We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

30. Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work
Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)
Intrinsic Motivators
Extrinsic Motivators
Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..)
Work great in the short run.

31. Achievement motivation
Where would one stand to practice if they had high achievement motivation?
Those with high achievement motivation will choose tasks that are moderately difficult. Not too hard because they want to achieve. Not too easy because they want to feel good about themselves.

32. Overjustification effect
Studies show that if you externally reward someone (excessively) for something they love doing, they will lose their intrinsic desire for doing it.
Alex Rodriguez earns 27.5 million dollars per year. Does he love the game??

33. Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators.
Theory X
Theory Y
Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment.
Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated.
Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs.
Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.
Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

34. When Motives Conflict
Approach-approach conflict – when we have 2 desirable things to choose from. Both Beyonce and Tyra Banks want to date you.

35. Approach –avoidance conflict
Both options have their benefits and drawbacks. Example, telling your wife that her hair looks bad. The good is she’ll fix it. The bad is she might be mad at you for a few hours.

36. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
You must choose between 2 equally unattractive options.

37. Four theories of emotion

38. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
Based on our autonomic nervous system
The body changes and our mind interprets those changes as emotion.
“I’m afraid because I run”

39. Male participants were asked to meet an interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges. One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more dangerous. An attractive female researcher interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of the two bridges. She gave them her telephone number in case they wanted to ask about the results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were more aroused by the height of the bridge, and were likely to confuse their feelings for being 'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call her back, looking for a date.
Support for James Lange????

40. Giving the Finger, the Psychology and History Thereof By William Weir on February 13, 2009
For the study, 54 right-handed subjects read a story about a person whose behavior could be interpreted as either assertive or hostile. One group extended their forefinger while reading, another group extended their middle finger. The latter group tended to assert that person in the essay was hostile, rather than assertive.
Support for the James Lange theory??

41. Facial feedback hypothesis

42. The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the facial feedback and behavior feedback phenomena, and give an example of each.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

43. Maybe Ned was right. Sometimes we should force ourselves to smile.

44. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.
They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

45. Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Cognitive awareness

46. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely than the other two theories.
They happen at the same time but…
Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought)
Includes cognitive appraisal

47. If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

48. Everyone say it loud
Schacter – Two Factor

49. Opponent Process Theory of Emotion
Have you ever felt crappy for a few days, then felt elated? This theory says feeling one way will lead you to feel the opposite.
How is this similar to the opponent process theory of color vision?

50. Activities Theories of Emotion sheet Facial Feedback Cartoons activity
Emotions comic strip homework – include a brief explanation just in case I don’t “get it”

51. Cognition and Emotion
Our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
Spill-Over Effect (Schacher-Singer, 1962)
Injected men with epinephrine (adrenaline), men go to waiting room with another person (euphoric or irritated)
They “caught” the emotion of the person they were with (either euphoric or irritated)
EG: Who gets more mad at an insult? Someone who just worked out or someone watching TV?

52. Nonverbal Communication
We notice nonverbal threats faster than nonverbal happiness – we want to avoid getting hurt.
Abused children are even faster at perceiving threats (b/c they expect to be in more danger) (pg 525)

53. Gender, Emotion & Nonverbal Behavior
Women are better than men at reading emotional cues, spotting lies, describing their emotions, being empathetic (able to i.d. with others – put self in their shoes)
Women experience emotional events more deeply and remember them more later

54. Critical Thinking
Does each gender have “rules” for emotional expression? Would the following be acceptable in our culture?
Two men kissing each other in greeting
Two women patting each other on the rear during sports competition
Men crying at a sad movie
Women violently expressing anger
Men hugging to celebrate an occasion

55. Culture and Emotional Expression
Gestures vary by culture, but common facial expressions do not.
A smile’s a smile the world around
…..and anger
Blind people have the same facial expression as seeing people.
Social & emotional reflex – you smile/laugh more in the presence of others than when alone

56. Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown six basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989).
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

57. Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt. Even blind children display these facial expressions.
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

58. Paul Ekman – basis for Lie to Me
Paul Ekman studied emotions and facial expressions and found there are universal facial expressions. Lying and disgust are the same in the USA and Japan.
However, the display rules are different for collectivist cultures than individualist cultures. Chinese are not encouraged to display anger like Americans are.

59. Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

60. Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than others?
OBJECTIVE 21| Summarize the ways that we can influence our own levels of happiness.

61. Stress There are 2 stress hormones you need to know.
Cortisol and adrenaline
Cortisol does lead to weight gain.

62. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Describes our response to a stressful event.
Three stages
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

63. 1. Tyrone believes that there are some emotions that are universally expressed. He’s espousing the theory of _____
A. Freud
B. Plutchik
C. Ekman
D. Darwin
E. James

64. 2. “We feel sorry because we cry” represents the theory of _____
A. James-Lange
B. Cannon-Bard
C. LeDoux
D. Schachter
E. Freud

65. 3. “We cry when (at the same time) we notice we feel sorry inside and are involved in a sad situation” represents the theory of ______
A. James-Lange
B. Cannon-Bard
C. LeDoux
D. Schachter
E. Freud

66. 4. Which of the following statements about cross-cultural comparisons of emotional experience is NOT true?
A. The types of events that trigger specific emotions are fairly similar across cultures.
B. The physiological reactions that accompany emotions tend to be similar across cultures
C. People of different cultures tend to categorize the emotions differently
D. All of the above statements are true.

67. 5. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion:
A. the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and on one’s cognitive interpretation of that arousal
B. different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions
C. emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex
D. Emotions develop because of their adaptive value

68. 6. Which of the following statements is true?
A. For the most part, people are pretty happy.
B. Age is unrelated to happiness.
C. income is unrelated to happiness
D. All of the above are true.

69. 7. Which theory of emotion implies that people can change their emotions simply by changing the way they label their arousal?
A. the James-Lange theory
B. Cannon Bard theory
C. Schachter’s two-factor theory
D. opponent-process theory.

70. 8. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the phases of the human sexual response?
a. Plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
b. Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
c. Plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm
d. Excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm

71. 9. Which of the following factors stimulate us to eat?
a. Stomach contractions, high levels of glucose, and stimulation of the VMH
b. Stomach contractions, low levels of glucose, stimualtion of the LH.
c. Stomach contractions, low levels of glucose, stimulation of the VMH
d. Lack of cholecystokinin, high levels of insulin, and stimulation of the VMH

72. The number one tennis player on last year’s squad does not find her name on the list of students who made this year’s team. Which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is she most likely experiencing?
a) alarm
b) resistance
c) denial
d) competence