1. Chapter 11 Evolution of Emotion

2. Emotions Evolutionarily selected adjustments to physiological, psychological, and behavioural parameters, allowing an organism to adaptively respond to threats and opportunities in the environment –Adapted from Nesse (1990)

3. Principle of Hedonism Seek pleasure –(Appetitive events) Avoid pain –(Aversive events) Consider emotional states in this context

4. Evolution and Emotions Selective forces Emotions Effect on inclusive fitness?

5. Three Hairy Men

6. Early Views on Emotion Charles Darwin –The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) –Each emotional state will have its own expression –Emotions occur in opposing pairs –Emotional reaction independent of will –Emotional state results in external expression of emotion William James –Internal, visceral state monitored by brain –Physiological response subsequently creates emotion Sigmund Freud –Understanding emotion central to understanding behaviour

7. Innateness of Emotions Cross-species comparisons Similar expressions under similar situations Primate facial expression as byproduct of vocalizations in particular emotional state (Andrew 1963) http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/groups/research/chimpanzee-cognition/CCL/facs.htm

8. Later Reinterpretation Innate nature of emotion challenged Behaviorists Anthropologists (e.g., Bateson & Mead) Does each culture really develop its own unique emotional states?

9. Ekman & Friesen (1971) Emotions not culturally determined Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise –Other research suggests 5-8 basic emotion types Blending of emotion types to create full range of expressions displayed Cross-cultural recognition of facial expression

10. Learning, Cultural Display Rules There are cultural differences in the use of facial expression and emotional response Issue of suppression/modification of display, rather than lack of emotion itself Individual learning influences emotional displays (e.g., specific phobias) –Observational learning –Preparedness towards certain fears

11. ToM and Emotional Display Adaptive value in knowing your own and others’ emotional states Sociality An aspect of Theory of Mind Displaying your emotional state gives others information; similarly, can gain information from observing others’ Concealment and deception

12. Frontal cortex –Weigh future consequences of actions and plan accordingly –Sociality Amount of brain taken up by frontal association cortex. From: Kandel, Schwartz, Jessell (1991), p. 827 Neurology of Sociality

13. Frontal Cortex Two main regions: Prefrontal association cortex Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) –Part of limbic association cortex –Direct connections with amygdala orbitofrontal cortex From: Kandel, Schwartz, Jessell (1991), p. 827, 306

14. Deficits with Medial Frontal Cortex Damage Mental state attributions Appropriate social behaviour Understanding high-level language and metaphor Positive or negative emotions Autistics show many of the same problems

15. Amygdala Part of limbic system –“Old” part of brain Activated by emotional displays –Facial expressions –Fear and threat

16. Orbitofrontal Cortex Lesion OFC –Normal aggressiveness and emotional response reduced –Reduction of chronic pain –Socially inappropriate behaviour and humour –Low empathy –Poor social decision- making Electrical stimulation of OFC –Autonomic responses –Increased blood pressure, pupil dilation, salivation, etc. –Generalized arousal reaction

17. Orbitofrontal Cortex Combine mental state and emotional information Damage still allows cognitive understanding of social issues But, cognitive assessment can’t be put in emotional context

18. Endocrinology Besides neural role, endocrine glands Secrete hormones to bloodstream Affect target organs, including brain Is it the initial brain action that produces the emotion, or the subsequent effect of the hormone on body and brain systems?

19. Adrenalin Stress --> Amygdala --> Activates autonomic nervous system --> Adrenal glands --> Release of adrenalin to bloodstream --> Into brain --> Receptor sites in temporal lobe and amygdala --> Enervation of higher cognitive areas

20. Function Core emotions Negative –Fear, anger, sadness Positive –Love, happiness

21. Negative Core Emotions Fear, anger, sadness Appropriate response to aversive stimuli Generally related to specific events –Large number of particular types of threats –Consequences of wrong response to threat worse than wrong response to opportunity Fear has obvious survival benefit –Particular subforms, e.g., panic, agoraphobia, with specific responses

22. Specific Action Tendencies Fear --> urge to retreat Anger --> urge to attack/injure Both serve to focus attention to potential threat What about sadness, though?

23. Sadness May result in withdrawal from activities Could serve to conserve energy Seek out support; kin Pre-linguistically, emotional display of sadness may have served to elicit aid and support

24. Positive Core Emotions Love –Different forms: parents, children, mates –Influence on inclusive fitness Happiness –Joy --> play, develop mental & physical skills, social development –Interest --> exploration, information seeking –Contentment --> “low arousal positive state”; maintain successful situation