1. Emotion Unit Overview Theories of Emotion Embodied Emotion
Expressed Emotion
Experienced Emotion
Stress and Health
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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2. Theories of Emotion
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3. Theories of emotions Emotion Common sense theory Physiological arousal
Expressive behavior
Conscious experience
Common sense theory
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4. Theories of emotions
James-Lange theory
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5. Theories of emotions
James-Lange theory
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6. Theories of emotions
James-Lange theory
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7. Theories of emotions
Cannon-Bard theory
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8. Theories of emotions
Cannon-Bard theory
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9. Theories of emotions Two-factor theory
Also knows as Schachter-Singer Theory
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10. Theories of emotions Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer 4/21/2017
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11. Theories of emotions Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer 4/21/2017
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12. Let’s try this out…
You are camping and enjoying a nice picnic lunch. All of a sudden a bison jumps out of the woods and begins chasing you. Attack caught on tape- 1 min
Let’s review and write out what would happen in the following theories
James Lang Theory-
Cannon Bard Theory-
Two Factor Theory-
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13. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system
arousing
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming
Moderate arousal is ideal
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14. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
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15. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
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16. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
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17. Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions
Different movie experiment
Four rooms with four different movies- From control center the subjects perspiration, heart rate, and breathing were measured
Movie 1- horror film
Movie 2- anger provoking film
Movie 3- film that evokes sexual arousal
Movie 4- “boring film”
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18. What did this study show us?
Very little difference in the physiological response your body has to such different emotional and cognitive responses from the different film. (Except the boring film)
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19. Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions
Differences in brain activity
Amygdala- higher activity when experiencing fear
Frontal lobes- more active when experiencing a positive mood
Nucleus accumbens- in left frontal lobe. A neural pathway the increases dopamine levels. Electrical stimulation in depressed patients has shown increased smiles, laughter, and giddy euphoria
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20. Are you lying?
Polygraph- a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
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21. Don’t call me a liar…..
Polygraphs are not very valid if you think about it
Our physiological arousal is much the same from one emotion to another
Many innocent people have been falsely accused because their emotions were heightened when they took the polygraph
Many rape victims “fail” lie detectors when telling the truth about their assailants
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22. Does it ever work?
No spy has never been detected by the FBI or CIA even though both agencies spend million of dollars a year testing their own employees
The guilty knowledge test works- a person is shown photos or given certain information specific to a crime scene while on the lie detector test.
This does show change in physiological response and can be effective.
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23. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion
Spill over effect- emotions can spill over from one event to another. Think about the level of emotion from a major sports victory to a riot.
Schachter-Singer experiment- with adrenaline shots
Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it
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24. Detecting Emotion
Nonverbal cues are usually enough for most of us to detect an emotion but we can often be tricked if one does not pay close attention to small details
Lifting the inner part of your eyebrow, which is hard to consciously do reveals worry .
Eyebrows raised and pulled together signal fear
Let’s try something out……..
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25. Which smile is real and which one is fake?
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26. The smile on the right is real
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27. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior.. Which person is a male or a female?
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28. The faces are gender neutral
But…. People were more likely to view the face on the left as male because it looks more angry
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29. So what does this mean?
Your gender interprets how you view others emotion
It is normal to want to empathize with people to interpret their emotions and that empathy is based on your own gender and biases
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30. Here is an example
The following chart comes from a study that measured how many facial expressions a viewer displayed by watching different films.
As you will see it shows that women show their emotions more easily and guys are harder to read
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31. See for yourself…
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32. Culture and Emotional Expression: Are nonverbal expressions of emotions universally understood?
The meaning of gestures varies with culture
Many of our facial expression displays rules and are evident throughout cultures
Let’s take a look at the next slide and see how we do…
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33. From left to right, top to bottom: happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust
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34. How does the culture effect how one displays emotion?
Cultures that encourage individuality like U.S display visible emotions
In Chinese cultures, which encourage people to adjust to others, personal emotions are much less visibly displayed
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35. Let’s see how well we do when interpreting others facial expressions and emotions
Facial Expression Test
Reading Faces Test
I will now pause this clip and want to see if we can come up with a consensus on what each of you think the emotion is
What would you do Clip
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36. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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37. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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38. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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39. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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40. The Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial feedback
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41. Some more examples of the effects of facial feedback
One study used Botox injections to paralyze the frowning muscles of 10 depressed patients. Two months later, 9 out of 10 non frowning patients were no longer depressed.
This study needs more replication to be validated
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42. The psychology of fear
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43. What is the function of fear?
Fear is adaptive. It’s an alarm system that prepares our body to flee from danger
man texts into a bear
Fear can bind groups together
Fear helps us focus on a problem and rehearse coping strategies
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44. How is fear learned? Observational Learning is a major factor
The Amygdala- Nerves running out of from these knots of neural tissue, one on either side of the brain’s center, carry messages that control heart rate, sweating, stress hormones and attention that rev up in threatening situations
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45. Amygdala and Fear
Rabbits learn to react with fear to a tone that precedes an impending small shock unless their Amygdala is damaged.
Rat’s that have their Amygdala deactivated show no fear learning
Humans with damage to the Amygdala can sometimes not even experience fear!
Amygdala and Fear Clips- 7 min (safari)
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46. Do Something That Scares You…
What is the best way to overcome your fears?
Do Something That Scares You Article
What are your thoughts on the article?
What is one quote that stood out to you?
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47. Conquering your fear Smash Fear- Ask Ted- 16 min Consider
How hard is it to overcome your own fears?
Why?
While watching the film please record and create a top five advice from overcoming your fear from what you learned from the clip.
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48. Anger
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49. Anger
Evoked by events, often times the anger is worst the event that “caused" it
Catharsis
Expressing anger can increase anger
Can lead to heart disease
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50. Happiness Happiness Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Well-being 4/21/2017
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51. Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs
Watson’s studies
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52. Happiness Wealth and Well-Being
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53. Happiness Wealth and Well-Being
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54. Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison
Happiness and Prior Experience
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Happiness and others’ attainments
Relative deprivation
Think of upward comparison
Would be better if we used downward comparison
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55. Let’s look at some research
European 8-12 year olds with cerebral palsy experience normal psychological well being
Studies show it takes about five weeks after being diagnosed with HIV to feel much less emotionally distraught
Is happiness really just a state of mind?
Do we place to much emphasis on our environments role in happiness?
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56. Happiness Predictors of Happiness
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57. How to be happier…
Realize that happiness may not come from financial success
Take control of your time
Act happy
Get enough sleep
Give priority to close relationships
Record your gratitude and count your blessings
Have a level of spirituality
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58. Some Research Let’s take a look at Does Money Buy Happiness?
Once done: Create a top five to do list of being happy based on everything you learned today. Every piece of advice must be based on the information presented not just your opinion
Optional Assignment- Do an article critique on the article. The article and instructions are on my website under the Article Critique Link
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59. Introduction to Stress!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Health psychology
Behavioral medicine
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60. Stress and Illness
Stress
Stress appraisal
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61. Stress and Illness The Stress Response System
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Alarm
Resistance
exhaustion
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62. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome
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63. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome
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64. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome
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65. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome
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66. Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles
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67. Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease Type A versus Type B
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68. Which one are you?
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69. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
Psychophysiological illnesses
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Stress and AIDS
Stress and Cancer
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70. The End

71. Definition Slides

72. Emotion
= a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
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73. James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
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74. Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
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75. Two-factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
This is very similar to Cannon Bard theory except this time a cognitive appraisal or thought needs to trigger the emotional response
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76. Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
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77. Facial Feedback
= the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.
For example: The woman was asked to touch the golf tees together forcing her to frown.
When showed scenes of war, sickness, and start without the tees a level of sadness was reported.
That level of sadness was increased when the scenes were shown with the artificial frown
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78. Catharsis
= emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Expressing anger can sometimes calm us down but only if the anger is directed against the provoker, it is justified, the target is not intimidating and little guild is felt afterwards
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79. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon
= people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
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80. Well-being
= self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
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81. Adaptation-level Phenomenon
= our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
We adapt to our current level of achievement or happiness, consider it normal, and require something better to have another surge of happiness
Consider getting a new t.v (surge), getting a raise (surge). Having the surge wear off and wanting more
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82. Relative Deprivation
= the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
Consider: Alex Rodriguez signed a 10 year 275 million dollar contract. Another player would then feel bad about their 20 million dollar contract who played the same position
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83. Behavioral Medicine
= an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..
Health psychology is a branch of behavioral medicine
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84. Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
Asks: How do our emotions and personality influence our risk of disease?
What attitudes and behaviors help prevent illness and promote health and well being?
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85. Stress
= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
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86. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases Stage One- Alarm- Mobilize resources- you experience an alarm reaction due to the sudden activation of your sympathetic nervous system Stage Two- Resistance- Cope with stressor- Your temperature, blood pressure and respiration remain high Stage Three- Exhaustion- Reserves depleted- Now you are more vulnerable to illness, or even in extreme cases collapse or death
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87. Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.
Correlation between prolonged stress and heart disease
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88. Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
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89. Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
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90. Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
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91. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
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92. Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
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