1. The Reproductive System

2. Why do we have a reproductive system?
1. To produce hormones that regulate growth, development and sexual behavior
2. To produce sex cells (sperm & egg)
3. To reproduce offspring

3. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

4. Function of Male Reproductive Parts
Testis: location of where sperm are produced; located outside the body
Scrotum: muscle that contacts or relaxes to make the most suitable environment for sperm production (2-3O different than main body)
Seminiferous tubules: tubules in the testes where sperm develop
Epididymis: structure on top of each testis where sperm mature and are stored
Vas deferens: duct through which sperm move away from the testis and toward the urethra
Urethra: tube that conducts semen and urine out of the body though the penis in males and transports urine out of the body in females
Semen: fluid that contains sperm, nourishment and male reproductive fluids
Prostate gland: produces alkaline (base) solution to contribute to the semen fluid; to neutralize acidic conditions sperm might encounter in the urethra or female reproductive tract

5. Male Sexual Hormones Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Increases the production of FSH and LH
Promotes the production of sperm cells in the testes
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Testosterone
Stimulates the production and secretion of testosterone in the testes
Influences the development of secondary sex characteristics (ex. Wide shoulder, narrow hips, facial hair).
The pituitary gland is where GnRH, LH and FSH are produced.

6. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

7. Female Reproductive System

8. Function of Female Reproductive Parts
Vagina: part of female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening; birth canal
Cervix: neck of the uterus, which opens to the vagina
Uterus: saclike muscular organ where embryos develop
Endometrium: inner lining of the uterus, richly supplied with blood vessels that provide the maternal part of the placenta and nourish the developing embryo
Fallopian Tube: tube that transports an egg released from an ovary to the uterus
Ovary: location where egg cells (oocytes) are produced and stored

9. Egg Development
All eggs female have exist from birth in an immature form called oocytes; they are located in the ovaries
Ooctytes get nurtured in ovaries with fluids called follicles
Average, once every 28 days 1 follicle-oocyte complex ruptures and releases an egg into the fallopian tubes

10. Egg development
A woman is born with about 1 – 2 million oocytes in her ovaries.
Throughout her life, the vast majority of oocytes will die.
When a woman reaches puberty and starts to menstruate, only about 400,000 oocytes remain.
Every 28 days 1 oocyte will MATURE into an egg (ovum) and be released for fertilization. About 1,000 oocytes are lost during this process.
How many mature eggs (ovum) will develop during a female’s life?
Approximately, 400 eggs
How many years will a female be able to reproduce?
Approximately, 30 years

11. Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation: dismantling and shredding of the uterine environment; which is the release of blood, fluids, mucus and endometrium tissue
Length of cycle varies from 23 – 35 days, but typically lasts 28 days.
Cycle is divided into three phases
Flow phase
Follicular phase
Luteal phase

12. Menstrual Cycle Phases

13. Menstrual Cycle Phases
FLOW PHASE
Fertilization and implantation of an embryo did not occur.
Outer layers of endometrium tear away.
Shedding of blood, epithelial tissue, fluid and mucus.
All hormone levels are low

14. Menstrual Cycle Phases
Follicular Phase
A few follicles begin to mature in the ovary. Inside each follicle is an immature egg – the oocyte. The follicle produces estrogen
After 7 days only one of the follicles remain
FSH and LH levels peak causing the follicle to rupture and release the egg into the fallopian tube.
The release of the egg is know as ovulation.

15. Menstrual Cycle Phases
Luteal Phase
Follicle is transformed into a structure called the corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum produces high amounts of progesterone.
When the corpus luteum breaks down, progesterone levels decrease; it triggers detachment of the endometrium
Then the flow phase begins again…

16. What if the egg gets fertilized?
New menstrual cycle does not begin
Progesterone levels remain high and increase blood supply to endomedtrium
Corpus luteum does not break down
Endometrium accumulates lipids and begins secreting nutrient fluids for the developing embryo

17. Menstrual Cycle Activity
Images of figure #1 show the different the stages that occur during the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not occur. Cut out the images and match them to Calendar #1. Images of figure #2 show the different stages that occur during the menstrual cycle if fertilization does occur. Cut out the images and match them to Calendar #2.

18. fertilization
third trimester
first trimester
zygote
growth
morula
fat
vulnerable
heartbeat
blastocyst
embryo

19. Embryo Development

20. Fetus Development

21. Birth!
There are there stages of birth
Dilation
Birth
Expulsion

22. Dilation Walls of uterus begin to contact Opening of the cervix
Amniotic sac tears (“water breaking”)

23. Birth Cervix fully dilated to 10cm
Mother contracts abdominal muscles to help push baby
Once baby is out umbilical cord is clamped and cut

24. Expulsion of Placenta Placenta detaches from uterus
Mother pushes one last time

25. Human Reproductive Technology
Artificial Insemination
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Surrogate mothers
Fertility drugs
What are 3 causes of infertility for men?
What are 3 causes of infertility for women?
Compare procedures of IVF and GIFT.

26. Prevention of Pregnancy
Contraception is the deliberate prevention of pregnancy. Without contraception, there is an 85% chance.
Contraceptive Methods
Method
% of Women Experiencing Unintended Pregnancies
Perfect Use Typically Use
Abstinence
Birth control
0.1 5
Vasectomy
0.15
Tubal ligation
0.2
0.5
Rhythm Method
1-9 20
Withdrawal 4 19
Condom (male) 3 14
Diaphragm & spermacide 6
Spermacide 26
Morning After Pill: Treatment initiated within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse reduces risk of pregnancy by at least 75%