1. Chapter 41 ~ Animal Reproduction

2. Overview Asexual (one parent) fission (parent separation)
budding (corals)
gemmules (porifera)
fragmentation & regeneration
(annelids)
Sexual (fusion of haploid gametes)
gametes (sex cells)
zygote (fertilized egg)
ovum (unfertilized egg)
spermatozoon (male gamete)

3. Sequential hermaphroditism reversal of gender during lifetime
Reproductive cycles
Parthenogenesis unfertilized egg development; haploid, sterile adults (honeybees)
Hermaphroditism both male & female reproductive systems; sessile & burrowing organisms (earthworms)
Sequential hermaphroditism reversal of gender during lifetime
protogynous (female 1st)
protandrous (male 1st)

4. Mechanisms of sexual reproduction
Fertilization-union of sperm and egg • external • internal
Pheromones-chemical signals that influence the behavior of others (mate attractants)

5. Mammalian reproduction, I
The Human Male
Testes~ male gonads
Seminiferous tubules~ sperm formation
Leydig cells~ hormone production
Scrotum~ outside body temp. (~2 degrees lower)
Epididymis~ sperm development
Vas deferens~ sperm propulsion
Seminal vesicles~ semen
Prostate gland~ anticoagulant; nutrients
Bulbourethral glands~ acid neutralizer
Penis/urethra~ semen delivery
One ejaculation 2-5mL and 1 mL contains million sperm
These 3 secretions with sperm make the semen. 60% of semen is mucous and fructose

6. Male Reproductive Structures
The penis is composed of 3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue derived from veins and capillaries.
Sexual arousal – erectile tissue fills with blood and there is as an increase pressure which seals the veins and the penis becomes engorged
D:\ImageLibrary40-55\46-AnimalReproduction\46-08a-MaleReproductive.mov
D:\ImageLibrary40-55\46-AnimalReproduction\46-08b-MaleHormones.mov

7. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Animation
Chapter 43
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Reproductive Systems

8. Male Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Male Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems

9. Mammalian reproduction, II
The Human Female
Ovaries~ female gonads
Follicle~ egg capsule
Corpus luteum~ hormone secretion
Oviduct~ fertilization
Uterus/endometrium~ womb/lining
Cervix/vagina~ sperm receptacle

10. Female Reproductive Structures
D:\ImageLibrary40-55\46-AnimalReproduction\46-15a-FemaleReproductive.mov

11. Ovulation
D:\ImageLibrary40-55\46-AnimalReproduction\46-15b-Ovulation.mov

12. Post-ovulation
D:\ImageLibrary40-55\46-AnimalReproduction\46-15c-PostOvulation.mov

13. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Animation
Chapter 43
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at
Reproductive Systems

14. Know the 3 major differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the making of sperm and it starts in the seminiferous tubules. 4 viable sperm will be made.
Oogenesis is the making of an egg and it starts in the ovary. Only 1 viable egg will be made.
Between birth & puberty; prophase I of meiosis
Puberty; FSH; completes meiosis I
Meiosis II; stimulated by fertilization
Know the 3 major differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Cytokinesis unequal
Sperm cells consistently produce sperm, females born with all
Oogenesis has long periods of wait

15. The female pattern Estrous cycles/estrus (many mammals)
Menstrual cycle (humans and many other primates):
Menstrual Flow Phase-
Proliferative Phase – endometrium begins to regenerate
Secretory Phase – endometrium continues to thicken. If no fertilization occurs shedding of lining and cycle begins again
Ovarian Cycle-
follicular phase~follicle growth
ovulation~ oocyte release
luteal phase~ hormone release

16. Figure 46.15 The reproductive cycle of the human female

17. Hormones
Hormonal coordination of the menstrual and ovarian cycles involves five hormones.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the hypothalamus.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Estrogens secreted by the ovaries and stimulates ovulation.
Progesterone secreted by the ovaries.

18. 1st and 2nd Trimester Gestation~ pregnancy 1st
Fertilization occurs in oviduct and 24 hours later starts dividing, organogenesis
5 days later blastocyst implants in endometrium
Embryo until 8th week and then called fetus
Embryo secretes hormones to signal presence HCG hormone (menstruation override; pregnancy test detection)
2nd
Hormone levels subside and placenta starts to secrete progesterone which maintains through pregnancy

19. 3rd Trimester and Labor 3rd Labor (uterine contractions)
Birth brought on by many hormones. Thought is now that the baby initiates labor by secreting oxytocin.
Labor (uterine contractions)
1st – Thinning of cervix and opening
2nd – Pushing and delivery of baby
3rd – Delivery of placenta
Parturition~birth
Lactation~prolactin & oxytocin

20. 41.4 Control of Human Reproduction
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
41.4 Control of Human Reproduction
Traditional Birth Control Methods
The most reliable method of birth control is abstinence
Not engaging in sexual intercourse
Traditional birth control regimens either prevent fertilization or stop a fertilized egg from implanting
Male and female condoms
Contraceptive vaccines
Morning‑After Pills
Reproductive Systems

21. Control of Human Reproduction
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Control of Human Reproduction
Morning-After Pills
Medications that can prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse
Preven – upsets normal uterine cycle
Makes it difficult for the embryo to implant within the endometrium
Plan B
Ulipristal acetate
Reproductive Systems

22. Control of Human Reproduction
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Control of Human Reproduction
Morning-After Pills
Mifepristone, also known as RU‑486, causes the loss of an implanted embryo
It blocks the progesterone receptors of the endometrial cells.
Without functioning receptors for progesterone, the uterine lining sloughs off carrying the embryo with it.
Taken in conjunction with a prostaglandin to induce uterine contractions, it is 95% effective.
Reproductive Systems

23. Various Birth Control Methods
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Various Birth Control Methods
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Intrauterine device placement
Intrauterine devices
uterus
cervix
female
condom
b. Female condom placement
Female condom
c. Male condom placement
Male condom
(a): © Saturn Stills/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b): © Getty RF;
(c): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Lars A. Niki, photographer
Reproductive Systems

24. Control of Human Reproduction
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Control of Human Reproduction
Reproductive Technologies
Infertility
Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse
May be attributed to the male (40%), the female (40%), or both (20%)
Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
Surrogate Mothers
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Reproductive Systems

25. 41.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Attacks helper T cells
Transmitted by sexual contact
No cure
Genital Warts
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs)
No cure, but can be treated effectively
41.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Reproductive Systems

26. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Genital Herpes
Herpes Simplex Virus
Type I - Cold sores and fever blisters
Type II - Ulcerations on genitals
Viral Hepatitis
A - Sewage-contaminated drinking water
B - Blood transfusions and bodily fluids
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Reproductive Systems

27. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Bacterial STDs
Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Reproductive Systems

28. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Vaginal Infections
Vaginitis – vaginal inflammation
Gardnerella vaginalis
Candida albicans
Reproductive Systems