1. 1 Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 15

2. Midterm Exam: March 12 th, 3:30-5:00PM The exam will be scored out of 50 points: 26-28 multiple choice questions (1 point each), 5 extended response questions (4-6 points each; totaling 22-24 points). The exam is worth one-third of your final grade if you do not write the optional paper and one-quarter of your final grade if you do write the optional paper. The exam will assess your learning of the content of chapters 6, 7, 9, and 14, and related lecture material. 2

3. Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams. Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and student ID to the exam. All electronic devices must be stored prior to the exam. Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Valuables may be placed under your seat. Turn in extra copies of the exam at the start of the examination period; university policy requires that all exams be accounted for before students are permitted to leave the examination room. 3

4. 4 Emotion 1.What evidence provides support for the universalist position? (continued) 2.What evidence provides support for the cultural constructionist position? 3.Can the universalist vs. cultural constructionist debate be resolved?

5. 5 1. review evidence that supports the universalist position on emotions. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. review evidence that supports the cultural constructionist position on emotions. 3. distinguish between distinct display rules. 4. discuss the neocultural theory of emotional expression.

6. 6 (c) Evidence for the universality of emotional expression  Cross-cultural studies:  Have shown that, across diverse cultures, people create similar facial expressions when they experience happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, or surprise. What evidence provides support for the univeralist position? (continued)

7. 7  Example: Ekman and Friesen (1971)  Took posed photos of facial expressions of happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and surprise.  Showed the photos to participants in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Japan, and the U.S.  Asked participants to select the emotional label that best described the individual in each photo.

8. 8 Ekman and Friesen’s (1971) Six Emotional Expressions

9. 9 CountryHappinessAngerDisgustFearSadnessSurprise Argentina947279688593 Brazil9782867782 Chile907685789088 Japan876382717487 U.S.976982887391 Percentage of Participants Who Correctly Identified Each Emotion

10. 10  Found that:  These findings were replicated among the Fore of New Guinea. (b) when the six emotions were combined, there were no significant differences across cultural groups. (a) the rate of correct identification was high across cultural groups.

11. Your child has died (sad). Your friend has come to see you (happy). You are about to fight (anger). You see a dead pig that has been there for a long time (disgust).

12. 12  On the basis of these findings, Ekman concluded that there are 6 emotions for which there are universal facial expressions (i.e., “basic emotions”):

13. 13 EmotionAssociated Facial Expression Anger Both the lower and upper eyelids tighten as the brows lower and draw together. Intense anger raises the upper eyelids as well. The jaw thrusts forward, the lips press together, and the lower lip may push up a little. Fear The eyes widen and the upper lids rise, as in surprise, but the brows draw together. The lips stretch horizontally. Disgust The nose wrinkles and the upper lip rises while the lower lip protrudes. SurpriseThe upper eyelids and brows rise, and the jaw drops open. Happiness The corners of the mouth lift in a smile. As the eyelids tighten, the cheeks rise and the outside corners of the brows pull down. Sadness The eyelids droop as the inner corners of the brows rise and, in extreme sadness, draw together. The corners of the lips pull down, and the lower lip may push up in a pout.

14. 14 Ekman and Friesen’s (1971) Six Emotional Expressions

15. 15  On the basis of more recent work, Ekman suggests that there may be a 7 th emotion for which there is a universal facial expression: Emotion Associated Facial Expression _________ This expression appears on just one side of the face: One half of the upper lip tightens upward.

16. 16  Other researchers have suggested that there are universal expressions for: Shame. Interest. Pride (reflected in facial expression and body posture; Tracy & Robins, 2008). Embarrassment.

17. 17  Developmental studies:  Have shown that: (b) the facial musculature is fully functional at birth. (a) infants possess the same facial musculature as adults.

18. 18 (c) infants display facial expressions similar to those that adults display for happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and surprise. (d) infants’ ability to produce facial expressions similar to those of adults is culturally universal.

19. 19 Examples of Infant Facial Expressions

20. 20 What evidence provides support for the cultural constructionist position? ● Two types of evidence support the cultural constructionist position on emotion:

21. 21 (a) Evidence for the cultural construction of emotional expression: Display rules  According to Ekman (1973), display rules dictate how universal emotions are expressed, are learned early in life, and become automatic determinants of emotional expression by adulthood.

22. 22  Ekman and Freisen (1969) identified 6 display rules: Amplification, deamplification, neutralization, qualification, masking, and simulation.  Researchers have examined cultural differences in the tendencies to amplify, deamplify, neutralize, qualify, mask, and simulate emotional expression.

23. 23  Example: Matsumoto et al. (2005)  Developed the Display Rule Assessment Inventory (DRAI):

24. 24 Sample Response Sheet from the DRAI Instructions: Please tell us what you think people should do when they feel each of the emotions listed toward someone in each of the four situations when interacting with that person. At the top of the page is a list of seven possible responses for how one may behave in those situations. Please select a response for each emotion and each situation. Record that number in the appropriate space provided for that emotion and situation.

25. 25 Possible responses: 1. Express the feeling as is with no inhibitions. 2. Express the feeling, but with less intensity than one's true feelings. 3. Express the feeling, but with more intensity than one's true feelings. 4. Try to remain neutral; express nothing. 5. Express the feeling, but together with a smile to qualify one's feelings. 6. Smile only, with no trace of anything else, in order to hide one's true feelings.

26. 26 Recording sheet:

27. 27  Found that:  Recruited participants from Japan, Russia, and the U.S. (a) Americans had higher unmodified expression and amplification scores than Japanese and Russians. (b) Japanese had higher deamplification and qualification scores than Americans and Russians.

28. 28  Matsumoto et al. (1998) found that the tendency to “control” emotional expression through the use of deamplification, neutralization, qualification, and masking is positively correlated with collectivism.

29. 29 Sponge Bob

30. 30 Hello Kitty

31. Tsai, Louie, Chen, and Uchida, 2007

32. 32  In collectivistic cultures, the tendency to control the expression of negative emotions was greatest when interacting with ingroup members. In individualistic cultures, the tendency to control the expression of negative emotions was greatest when interacting with outgroup members.

33. 33  When individuals control the expression of emotion, the subjective experience of the emotion is dampened. People living in cultures that promote the control of emotional expression tend to report fewer and less intense emotional experiences than people living in cultures that promote emotional expression.

34. 34  Consistent with this finding, collectivists are more likely than individualists to report a preference for emotional states that are characterized by low levels of arousal:

35. 35  Tsai, 2007; Tsai et al., 2007 East Asians prefer music with a slower tempo than Westerners. East Asians prefer more “passive” activities (picnicking, meditation) than Westerners (jogging, roller blading). Among those who use drugs, East Asians are more likely to use drugs that elicit calm states (e.g., opium); Westerners are more likely to use drugs that elicit excited states (amphetamines).

36. 36 East Asian magazines contain ads with calmer smiles and fewer excited smiles than Western magazines.

37. 37 East Asian self-help books encourage calmness, whereas Western self-help books encourage relatively high arousal positive states.

38. 38 (b) Evidence for the cultural construction of emotional states: Emotional lexicon  Analyses of diverse languages suggest that different languages recognize different emotions.  Although some languages have equivalent terms for all of the “universal” emotions identified by Ekman, other languages do not.

39. 39 EmotionLanguages in Which an Equivalent Term Does Not Exist Anger Overlaps with sadness or grief in Luganda, Illongot, and Ifaluk. FearMissing in Ifaluk; overlaps with shame in Gidjingali. Disgust Missing in Polish, Ifaluk, and Chewong; overlaps with hate in Samoan. SurpriseMissing in Fore, Dani, Malay, and Ifaluk. HappinessMissing in Chewong. Sadness Missing in Tahitian and Chewong, overlaps with anger in Luganda, Illongot, and Ifaluk. Languages in Which Terms for Ekman’s “Universal” Emotions Do Not Exist

40. 40  Moreover, there are emotional terms in some languages for which an equivalent term does not exist in English.

41. 41 LanguageEmotional TermDescription of Emotion CzechLitost Grief, sympathy, remorse, longing, “torment caused by a sudden insight into one’s own miserable self” (Kundera, 1979). GermanSchadenfreude Pleasure derived from another’s displeasure. JapaneseAmae Pleasure derived from dependence on a close other. JavaneseIklasPleasant or indifferent frustration !KungKua A combination of awe, respect, and fear associated with ceremonially recognized milestones in one’ life. SamoanLotomaualalo An absence of malice, anger, or resentment in situations of potential conflict. Emotional Terms for Which an Equivalent Term Does Not Exist in English

42. 42  Some theorists argue that the diversity of emotional terms across languages is meaningless because language does not influence our experience of emotion.  Other theorists argue that the diversity of emotional terms across languages indicates that there is significant cultural variation in the experience of emotion. This view is consistent with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

43. 43 Can the universalist vs. cultural constructionist debate be resolved?  There are an increasing number of researchers who recognize that the universalist position and the cultural constructionist position are not mutually exclusive.  Their views are consistent with the Neurocultural Theory of Emotional Expression, proposed by Ekman.

44. 44  According to this theory: “Universality may be limited to a rather small set of basic emotions, which serve as platforms for interactions with learned rules, social norms, and shared social scripts, resulting in a myriad of more complex culture-specific emotions” Matsumoto (2004, p. 259).

45. 45 Emotion 1.What evidence provides support for the universalist position? (continued) 2.What evidence provides support for the cultural constructionist position? 3.Can the universalist vs. cultural constructionist debate be resolved?