3. STATES OF MATTER The Five States of Matter The Five States of Matter Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Plasma Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate Bose-Einstein Condensate

4. STATES OF MATTER  Based upon particle arrangement  Based upon energy of particles  Based upon distance between particles

5. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

6. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID  Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.  Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

7. STATES OF MATTER GAS  Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.  Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

8. Phase Properties Phase Particle Properties ProximityEnergyAttractionVolumeShape Solid Liquid Gas closelittlestrongdefinite closemoderate definiteindefinite far aparta lotweakindefinite

9. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

10. STATES OF MATTER PLASMA  A plasma is an ionized gas.  A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.  Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

11. STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

12. Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

13. 2. Lightning

14. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

15. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

17. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

18. Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. EinsteinBose +

19. The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students

20. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

21. A computer image of a Bose-Einstein Condensate

22. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

23. The five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE- EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

24. States of Matter The Kinetic Theory of Gases 1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). 2.They are in constant, random motion. 3.They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.