1. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Chapter 20 Education

2. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Education vs. Schooling Education – The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values Schooling – Formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

3. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Schooling in India Many children work, limiting their schooling Half the population is literate Patriarchy shapes opportunity: 45% of boys and 30% of girls attend secondary school.

4. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Schooling in Japan Has some of world’s highest achievers Schools foster traditional values 90% of young people graduate from high school Half attend cram schools to attend university Students outperform Canadian students in mathematics and science.

5. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Schooling in Great Britain Schooling was a privilege of nobility in Middle Ages Now all attend till 16 years Public schools, like Canadian boarding schools, are for the wealthy Universities are now more open Graduates of “Oxbridge” still become elite

6. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Schooling in Canada Canada has a policy of universal, publicly supported primary and secondary schooling. It also has 273 publicly supported post secondary institutions, including 69 universities. Canada claims minimal illiteracy but, In 1989, 15% of adult Canadians were not sufficiently literate to carry out everyday situations. In 2003, 92 % report being functionally literate. (Cont’d)

7. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Schooling in Canada (Cont’d) 15.4 % of Canadians (15+ years of age) have university degrees. But it has a smaller percentage than the U.S. with university degrees. After the quiet Revolution in Quebec, classical education was replaced by business engineering and science. There is a gradual shift to engineering, mathematics, and science degrees.

8. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Fig 20-1

9. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Functions of Schooling Socialization: basic skills, values and norms, and a respect for the Canadian mosaic Cultural innovation through research Social integration of diverse groups, though retention of ethnic identities is assisted Social placement: the enhancement of meritocracy by making personal merit a foundation of future social position (Cont`d)

10. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Functions of Schooling (Cont`d) Latent functions: – Provides child care; – Reduces competition for jobs; and – Helps establishes networks and identifies partners. Critical evaluation: The quality of schooling is far better for some than others.

11. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Schooling and Social Inequality Perpetuation of social inequality by Social control: teaches discipline and punctuality Testing: transforms privilege into individual merit Streaming: assigning students to different types of programs, frequently according to backgrounds Unequal access to higher education Credentialism: evaluation according to degrees (Cont`d)

12. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Figure 20-2

13. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Figure 20-3

14. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Schooling and Social Inequality (Cont`d) Schooling transforms privilege into personal merit Critical evaluation: Upward mobility for talented people especially those from modest backgrounds, and Curriculum challenges social inequalities.

15. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Figure 20-4

16. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Problems in the Schools School Discipline – Not like U.S. but assaults and killings have occurred, e.g., Montreal’s L’École Polytechnique. Dropping out: – Boys more than girls – From single or no-parent households, have lower averages, use drugs, etc. – Aboriginal people have a high rate. Value for Money – 7% of GDP is spent on education, top of G7 countries (Cont’d)

17. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Problems in the Schools (Cont`d) Academic standards: – Formerly lower international test scores are now much higher and functional illiteracy, reading and writing skills insufficient for daily living, is a problem for older Canadians. Education and World of Work – The ability to integrate and use information, adapt to change, and conceptualize the future are in demand, in lesser demand are technical skills.

18. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Fig 20-5

19. © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Education for Tomorrow Increasing diversity and ethnic nationalism Experiencing technological change Shrinking world of shifting political alliances, economic restructuring, multinational corporations and global competition Education is a catalyst for change and glue that binds us together.