1. ORGANIZATION There are a lot of technical details in this presentation. Feel free to take notes, but I’m also posting this online. This will be an example of a bad PowerPoint. Consider noting how you interact with (or don’t) both the slides and the vocal material as we go through things today.

2. ORAL CITATIONS Can track it down Audience can trust source Less information about well known, credible sources (Dept of Justice website, CIA Factbook, CNN.com, Journal of American Medical Association) More information about sources known by few in audience (Cato Institute, Harper’s, Dwell, Electronic Frontier Foundation)

3. ORAL CITATIONS – COMPONENTS At a bare minimum: Source (journal, website, official agency) Date (when available; can be approximate) Sometimes should also include: Author (when author’s credibility could matter—if they’re an expert, or acting in an official capacity/office) Article Name Credibility of Source or Author

4. ORAL CITATION EXAMPLES The Washington Post covered the Virginia Tech press conference in an August 30 th article. The Post quotes Tech president Charles Steger, who responded to the government report on the shootings by saying… I found Kara’s story at houseofthin.com, a pro- anorexia website.

6. Pearl S. Buck

7. WHY STUDY ORGANIZATION? Structure clarifies ideas The “art of emphasis” Reception of oral messages differs from written ones Time Big picture Zoning out

8. BASIC SPEECH STRUCTURE Introduction Body Main Point 1 Main Point 2 Main Point 3 Conclusion

9. FIVE COMPONENTS OF A SPEECH INTRODUCTION #1: Attention Getter – the very first thing you say Quotation, shocking statistic, story, how topic affects audience, identify personally with audience, suspense, refer to occasion, use analogy, use humor Overdone AGs = Questions, “Imagine you are…” If you need to introduce yourself, do so after this initial step!

10. INTRODUCTIONS #2: Relevance or Connection to the Audience Give the audience a reason to keep listening Why does/how will this affect them? May need to more broadly establish scope or significance of issue, as well

11. INTRODUCTIONS #3: Establish Your Credibility with the Topic Boost your ethos—give audience a reason to trust you May not be necessary in situations where audience knows your expertise (workplace, when invited to speak, when introduced by someone else)

12. INTRODUCTIONS #4: Thesis Statement – Make a claim Not simply a topic sentence Make an argument about the topic

13. INTRODUCTIONS #5: Preview – Spell out the structure of the speech Tell us explicitly that you’ll talk about A, B, and C Be more blunt than you would be in a paper Try cues like “first,” “second,” etc. Use delivery skills to indicate the end of the intro: slow down through the preview, and pause after it

14. FIVE ELEMENTS OF SPEECH INTROS Attention Getter Relevance to Audience Establish Your Credibility Thesis Preview

16. THE SPEECH BODY Discrete “chunks” with connections (Main points with transitions)

17. THE SPEECH BODY: TRANSITIONS Transitions Used between main points & some sub points Summarize previous point, and preview new point “Now that we understand why current foster home laws are hurting kids, let’s look at what we can do about it.” “So we all see just how bad the situation is in Syria. But how did it get this way?” “…This is only one example; there are many more serious consequences. In fact, gambling addiction doesn’t only affect the individual—it affects those around the addict as well.”

18. THE CONCLUSION Goals of all conclusions The end is near! Stress the “take-home message” Provide a sense of closure

19. EXAMPLE CONCLUSION TECHNIQUES Summarize main points Personal reference Refer back to introduction Challenge the audience Discuss potential next steps Memorable language Metaphor Symbolism Parallelism: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” -JFK Anaphora: “I have a dream…” –MLK

20. REPETITION (CONDUPLICATIO)

21. HOW LONG SHOULD EACH SECTION BE? Introduction: 15 to 25% Body: 65 to 80% Conclusion: 5 to 10% Usually I: 20%, B: 70%, C: 10%

22. BASICS OF OUTLINING I.Main Point (Preview pts. I.A + I.B) A.First Supporting Point 1.Sub point #1 2.Sub point #2 B.Second Supporting Point 1.Sub point #1 2.Sub point #2 [Transition: Summarize I.A + I.B] II.Main Point (Preview pts II.A + II.B + II.C) A. First Supporting Point B. Second Supporting Point 1. Sub point #1 2. Sub point #2 C. Third Supporting Point [Transition: Summarize II.A + II.B + II.C]

23. SPEAKING NOTES