1. Literature Review & Referencing

2. The Literature Review Leeanne Romane, Computer Science Librarian University of Waterloo October 8, 2008

3. What is a Literature Review “The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out…” Language Centre, Asian Institute of Technology

4. Why do a Lit Review? The purpose is to: define your research problem: find a gap, ask a question, continue previous research, explore counter-claims read every source relevant to your research problem. * offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic

5. Is this a Summary? “Although you need to summarize relevant research, it is also vital that you evaluate this work, show the relationships between different work, and show how it relates to your work”. Language Center, Asian Institute of Technology

6. How does writing a Literature Review help you? Expands your knowledge about the topic Improves Information Seeking skills Improves Critical Thinking skills

7. A Literature Review should consist of : An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)

8. Components continued... Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research

9. Ask yourself these questions: Start the process by asking yourself: What is my research question? Am I looking at: Theory Methodology Policy Qualitative or Quantitative research

10. How to conduct the Literature Review Search for Resources Critical Review of the Literature Bibliography

11. Know which citation style you are meant to follow Use RefWorks, but don’t rely on it 100%

12. Final Questions… Finish by asking yourself: How good has my review been? Have I found all the material? Has irrelevant material been excluded?

13. And more questions: Have I critically analyzed the literature? Have I assessed and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of the literature? Have I discussed that literature that is contrary to my perspective? Have I cited my sources correctly?

14. Citations Or Acknowledging the Source Citations Or Acknowledging the Source

15.  IN-TEXT CITATION ALSO CALLED: PARENTHETICAL CITATION AUTHOR-DATE REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST Citations

16. Citation A reference or listing of the key pieces of information about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. A reference or listing of the key pieces of information about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. The citation normally include: The citation normally include: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number, issue, year, and page numbers for an article or for a journal reference. author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number, issue, year, and page numbers for an article or for a journal reference.

17. Reference What we quoted in the text needs detail consisting of : What we quoted in the text needs detail consisting of : author name (Not inverted), title, pages of sources it could be as footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis. author name (Not inverted), title, pages of sources it could be as footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis.

18. Bibliography In the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book. This includes: author name, title, year, place of publication, publisher. In the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book. This includes: author name, title, year, place of publication, publisher.

19. Foot Note Foot Note Any note used to further explain a detail outside of the main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a page Any note used to further explain a detail outside of the main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a page

20. Ibid LatinLatin word and stands for "ibidem", Latin Meaning Same as above and is used in numerical references.

21. Example 4. E. Vijh, Latin for dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), p.23. 4. E. Vijh, Latin for dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), p.23. 5. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid., p.29. 6. Ibid., p.29. The reference in no. 5 is the same as in no. 4 (E. Vijh, Latin for dummies on page 23), whereas the reference in no. 6 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form "Ibid.," (e.g."8. Ibid. 4" or "8. Ibid. 4, at 34"). Notice that "ibid." is always followed by a period/ full stop because it is itself an abbreviation

22. op citeop cite op cite op cite A Latin word which stands for: A Latin word which stands for: "opus citatum" "opere citato", Meaning as quoted above and is used in numerical references.

23. Example 9. R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar (Academic: New York, 1997), p. 23. 9. R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar (Academic: New York, 1997), p. 23. 10. G. Wiki, Language and Its Uses (Blah Ltd.: Old York, 2000), p. 17. 10. G. Wiki, Language and Its Uses (Blah Ltd.: Old York, 2000), p. 17. 11. Millan, op. cit., p. 5. 11. Millan, op. cit., p. 5. The reference no. 11 is the same as in no 9. (R. Millan, Art of Latin Grammar), although the page is different.

24. Examples: for Ibid and Op-Cite 1. Henley and Bates (2007) Commercialization of SOEs, London, OUP. 2. Ibid., p.3. 3. Tom Lines (2006) Potential of Foreign Investment in Kenya, London, OUP. 4. Henley, OP Cite, p.5.

25. Types of Citation: 1. Numerical Citations 2. Non numerical Citations

26. Numeric style Numeric style Citing references within the text Inside your essay ………….……the suggestion of technology in the home has been explored by Baron [13] extensively. It was echoed by Thomas who pointed out that the Internet and email would bring the office into the home [14 p.56] within the next year. …….however, the solution mentioned by Baron [13 p.124] was too far from what the present technology can offer….. In a recent discussion on technology at home, Steve Bass [15] commented that there is no need to rush into…….. p.12 At the end of the essay Reference list: 12………… 13. M. Baron. Technology in the home. Computers Tomorrow, 1996, 13(4), 123-125. 14. A. J. Thomas. The electronic cottage. Bristol: Petrie Press, 1995. 15. S. Bass. Home office: upgrade or buy new? Part 1. PC World. 8 September 2004. [Online] Available from: http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117490- page,1-c,upgrading/article.html [Accessed 20 January 2005]. 16…………………… p.103

27. 1. Harvard Referencing Style 2. APA 3. MLA 4. Chicago Style 5.Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style 6. ASA 7. CBE - Council of Biology Editors 8. IEEE

28. Which one Style to use? Ask your Supervisor which style he /she wants you to use. If there is no preference, you can use any of the style described.

29. Harvard Author (s), Date, Title of Book, Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Volume, Page, Place of Publication, Publisher.

30. Citation Details Citation Details How to quote through diff sources?

31. Book Author (s) Date, Title of Book, Place of Publication, Publisher Henley John [1987] Converging on the evanescent, San-Francisco, Threshold Publications. Book with one author

32. More than Two Authors Jagezai Aurangzeb, et al [1976] Introduction to Political Science, 3rd ed., Macgraw, Hill Koga, Ltd., Tokyo. et al is an Italian Phrase derived from “et alia” means and others.

33. Journal Author (s) Date, Title of Article, Title of Journal, Volume, Pages, Place of Publication, Publisher. Khan Hamadullah [2007] Senior Citizens in Pakistan: A Case Study of Karachi. Journal of Independent Studies and Research, (Bi- Annual), volume: 2, no: 5, Karachi, SZABIST- Khi.

34. Website Lynch, T. (1996) Pakistan’s Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiph i/DS9/ep/503r.html Newspaper Article Farooqui Jalees, [Jan 27 – Feb 2, 2003] Sugar Economy’s Complexities, Daily Dawn Karachi, EBR section, p.I.

35. News Paper without Author Daily Dawn, Karachi [ Feb 17, 2003] Export Through Karachi Customs up by 19 pc, Staff Reporter.

36. Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Americana, 1999, ed., v.11.

37. Documents U.S Department of State [Jan 2003] Declaration of the U.N Conference on Food and Agriculture, War Document Series, no. 2162.

38. Interview John Naught [12 May 2002] CEO Primus Co. San Jose, California.

39. Radio and TV Program BBC ‘Hard Talk’, 28 October 2002, narrator xyz,

40. Corporate/Organization as an Author Ohio State University, [1977] College of Administrative Science, Center for Human Resources, The National Longitudinal Surveys Handbook.

41. State/Organization as an Author Pakistan Government of [2003] Economic Survey 2002-3, Islamabad. State Bank of Pakistan [2002] Annual Report 2001-2, Karachi.

42. Haleem Shaikh (2000). Coping Strategies of Counseling Professionals, Master’s Thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Thesis

43. Bethesda (1980) National Institute on Mental Health, Drug abuse [videotape] Videotape

44. Cassette/CD: Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making [Cassette/CD]. Gainesville: Edwards

45. Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001, from ttp://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm Web page

46. In source, if the date is unknown: 1. If the date is unknown, make a guess and indicate [ca 2007]. 2. If impossible to guess the date then indicate [no date].

47. Sample Reference List Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August 21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html Flory, R. K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter- foodinterval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828. Flory, R. K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386. Conti:

48. One Author Example: (Kosik, 1999, p. 127) Two Authors – citation Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127) Three or more authors citation: Example (Wilson et al., 2000) Citation in the text

49. Text with Harvard Citations Style Example: The notion of an indivisible college has been explored in the sciences (Crow, 1980). It’s absence amongst historians is noted by Sticks (1981b). As Barton (1985) points out that they have no assistant or are reluctant to delegate (Smith, 1988, Chump 1999).

50. Text with Numerical Citations Style [APA] Example: The notion of an indivisible college has been explored in the sciences 1. It’s absence amongst historians is noted by Sticks 2. As Barton points out that they have no assistant or are reluctant to delegate 3

51. References [Numerical Citation] 1. R. Millan, "Art of Latin grammar" (Academic, New York, 1997), p. 23. 2. Ibid, 1 3. G.Wiki "Blah and its uses" (Blah Ltd., Old York, 2000), p.17. Blah 4. R. Millan, Op cit