1. Bellwork Introduction to the Human Body
Open your binder to the notes section, name 5 body systems
Skeletal System ?

2. Introduction to the Human Body Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical: atoms and molecules
Cellular: cells and their organelles
Tissue: groups of similar cells
Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
Organ system: organs that work closely together
Organism: all organ systems

3. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell 2
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular system 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
Figure 1.1

4. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Figure 1.1, step 1

5. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell 2
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Figure 1.1, step 2

6. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell 2
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1
Smooth muscle tissue 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Figure 1.1, step 3

7. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell 2
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1
Smooth muscle tissue
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
Figure 1.1, step 4

8. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular system 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 5
Figure 1.1, step 5

9. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell 2
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular system 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
Figure 1.1, step 6

10. Overview of Organ Systems
Major organs make up 11 major organ systems

11. (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and
Hair
Skin
Nails
(a) Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Figure 1.3a

12. Protects and supports body organs,
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
Figure 1.3b

13. Allows manipulation of the environment,
Skeletal
muscles
(c) Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression. Main-
tains posture, and produces heat.
Figure 1.3c

14. As the fast-acting control system of
Brain
Nerves
Spinal
cord
(d) Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Figure 1.3d

15. Glands secrete hormones that regulate
Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
Figure 1.3e

16. (f) Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood
vessels
(f) Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Figure 1.3f

17. (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Red bone
marrow
Thymus
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic stream. Houses white
blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. The immune response mounts
the attack against foreign substances
within the body.
Figure 1.3g

18. (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Bronchus
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
(h) Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchanges occur through
the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Figure 1.3h

19. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
(i) Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable
units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells. Indigestible
foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Figure 1.3i

20. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
(j) Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of the blood.
Figure 1.3j

21. (k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Prostate
gland
Ovary
Penis
Testis
Ductus
deferens
Scrotum
Uterine
tube
Uterus
Vagina
(k) Male Reproductive System
(l) Female Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Figure 1.3k-l

22. Organ Systems Interrelationships
Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

23. Figure 1.2 Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2 O2
Urinary
system
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environment
Feces
Urine
Figure 1.2

24. The Skeletal System Functions of the Skeleton
5 major functions:
It provides shape and support.
Enables you to move.
Protects your internal organs.
Produces red blood cells.
Stores materials until later use.
Next

25. Allows the body to move in a wide range of positions and movements
Joint
Allows the body to move in a wide range of positions and movements
Back

26. The strong tissue that connects bone to bone.
Ligament
The strong tissue that connects bone to bone.
Back

27. Tendon
Tissue that connects bone to muscle.

28. Osteoporosis
A condition in which bones become very weak and break more easily as holes form in the bone.
Back

29. The Cranium #1
Also known as the Skull, the Cranium helps protect the brain.
Back

30. Also known as the lower jaw.
The Mandible #2
Also known as the lower jaw.
Back

31. The Clavicle #3
Also known as the Collar Bone, the clavicle makes up most of the shoulder.
Back

32. Also known as the Breast Bone.
The Sternum #4
Also known as the Breast Bone.
Back

33. The upper half of your arm.
The Humerus #5
The upper half of your arm.
Back

34. Protects most of the bodies internal organs.
The Ribs #6
Protects most of the bodies internal organs.
Back

35. The Vertebral Column #7
Also known as the spine, this set of 26 bones allows you to bend down, and sit up strait.
Back

36. Connects the lower half of your body to the upper half.
The Pelvic Girdle #8
Connects the lower half of your body to the upper half.
Back

37. One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.
The Radius #9
One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.
Back

38. One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.
The Ulna #10
One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.
Back

39. Connect the Metacarpals and Phalanges to the arm.
The Carpals #11
Connect the Metacarpals and Phalanges to the arm.
Back

40. The Metacarpals #12
Also known as the knuckles, the metacarpals connect your fingers to the rest one your hand.
Back

41. The Phalanges allow your fingers and toes to move.
The Phalanges # 13 and 20
The Phalanges allow your fingers and toes to move.
Back

42. The Femur #14
The femur is the largest bone in the body, and makes up the upper half of the leg.
Back

43. The Patella #15
The patella, also known as your knee, is a circular bone that connects your tibia to your femur.
Back

44. One of the two bones in your lower leg.
The Tibia #16
One of the two bones in your lower leg.
Back

45. One of the two bones in your lower leg.
The Fibula #17
One of the two bones in your lower leg.
Back

46. Also known as the ankle, the Tarsals connect your foot to your leg.
Back

47. The Metatarsals #19
Make up your toes.
Back

48. A set of 26 small bones that run down the center of your back.
The vertebra
A set of 26 small bones that run down the center of your back.
Back