1. Remarks on Farabi’s Linguistic Viewpoints Negar Davari Ardakani Shahid Beheshti University

2. Acknowledgments Farabi University Almat Absalikov Janis Auschwitz Safar Abdollah The Embassador of Iran in Kazakhstan The Cultural Counselor of Iran in Kazakhstan and all other people who contributed to this Academic event…

3. 3 The 2nd Conference of Iran- Kazakhstan Common Heritage Farabi as a Common Heritage of Iran-Kazakhstan

4. Present Situation -History of Linguistics Textbooks - -No Mention of Middle and South Asia Contributions to Linguistic Knowledge Neglect from Our own side Farabi’s Alhoruf has not yet been translated from Arabic into Persian Therefore, very slight consideration of Farabi’s Linguistic viewpoints in Persian Linguistic Literature -

5. 5 Review of Literature (in Persian) on Farabi’s Linguistic viewpoints Tabatabayee(1975) Farkhondeh(1999) Arkan(2001) Afrashi(2001) Haghbin(2001, 2013) Bashirnejad(2004) Kamalizade(2004) Naseh(2007) Mahdi(2008) Seifi & Farahani(under press-Shahid Beheshti University) All a few pages on Farabi’s linguistic viewpoints in articles or books on a more general title such as “ Islamic Linguistics”

6. 6 The Problem How is Language represented in Farabi’s Alhoruf?

7. 7 Frabi’s Classification of Knowledge Knowledge of Language Logic Education Natural Sciences General Theology Sociology/ Civil Science Jurisprudence Theology pure(theoretical)/main( applied)

8. 8 Farabi’s Classification of Linguistic Knowledge morphosemantics lexicology and morphology phraseology and syntax composition and discourse phonetics and reading poetics the classification obviously shows Farabi’s practical and multidimensional view into language contrary to what is notoriously said about his subjective philosophical view into language

9. 9 Farabi’s Classification of Language Skills oratory poetics memorization and recitation(poetry, news) grammar writing skills

10. 10 Farabi’s Approach Language(s) Scope and his general view A Linguistic Contrastive approach (Arabic, Greek, Sogdi, Syriac and Persian) It seems that he is looking for justifications for GENERALIZATIONS leading to LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS A Realistic Approach together with his Logical Considerations

11. 11 Farabi’s Main Linguistic Concerns(1) Philosophical Semantics (morphosemantics and synsemantics): form-meaning logical mapping (mapping of morphological divisions into sense divisions, e.g. talking about derivations of meaning) form-meaning actual mapping(Iconicity) the principle of similarity(in initial natural language formation processes) lexical (philosophical) semantics together with sentence/ utterance (philosophical) semantics word formation processes including word-form and meaning change Form relations( homophony, …), sense relations(synonymy, antonymy, …) and the reason of their evolution semantic processes as elaboration and metaphor which is dominant in oration and poetry as most complete discourses

12. 12 Farabi’s Main Linguistic Concerns(2) Langauge ٍ Origins/ Evolution (logic-based) Naturalness and conventionalism Phases in Language Evolution(gesture, vocation and pointing, imitation, …) Farabi considers language evolution from micro-levels such as phones into macro-levels such as discourse successively during the human history He considers naming as the basic phase of language formation He views simple and compound linguistic forms in a linear time axis. His evaluative view on grammatical categories’ formation(n., v., adj.) He also views the origination of different discourses in an evolutionary succession: daily use of language,argumentation, oration, debate(the origin of philosophy),fallacy, educational and scientific discourse, poetry. He considered elites’ use of language as an origin of language promotion

13. 13 Farabi’s Main Linguistic Concerns(3,4) Farabi’s SOCIOLINGUISTICS and DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

14. 14 Internal and External language Variations(languge/variety contacts) Internal Variations Daily language use Argumentation Oration Debate Fallacy Educational & Science Discourse Discourses transactions External(origin) Variations Borrowing interference code-switching

15. 15 Language Planning (including Language Teaching) language maintenance (and the invention of writing systems) Foreign languages influence Foreign language learning and teaching(grammar-based, order of learning/teaching) grammar as labeling of linguistic rules principles of word-formation, neologism and lexification(all on the basis of meaning-form similarities and familiarity) borrowing as a natural linguistic phenomenon, nativization after borrowing he disagrees with excess borrowing and extremist puristic approaches familiarity as a basis of language learning and learning in general

16. 16 Discourses and transactions among them, Discourse markers Different kinds of Dialogue( a very vast interpretation of dialogue) question markers in dialogic discourse and non-dialogic discourse question markers in popular dialogues and different academic dialogues(mathematics, natural science, social sciences, theology) vocation, pray, demand, permission, prevention, encouragement, prohibition, imperative are considered as questions response might be negative/ positive and conditional/quotational

17. 17 question markers under study in Alhoruf (a corpus-based study) What (in 4 pragmatic contexts, 3 figurative, metaphorical and declarative usages) which (difference marker) Is/am/are هل why how how much where when

18. 18 Academic Language vs. Daily Language Transfer of metaphor from daily language to the language of philosophy Question markers under study in Philosophy: Why(2), هل (1) pragmatic difference of هل in Academic contexts and poetry different “cause markers”

19. 19 Farabi’s Evolutive Linguistics

20. 20 Linguistic Heritage Awareness Preparing us for Stepping into Linguistic Theorizing