1. Labor and Unions During Industrialization

2.  Activity: Observe the following photographs and identify the different impacts industrialization on labor. While viewing each photograph think about the following:  Who is doing the work?  What are the hazards?  What type of work are they doing? Would they need training? (skilled vs. unskilled)  Think about these questions when you are looking at the pictures!  What was it like to live during this time period?

3. Working Conditions- What do you see?

6. Every year approximately 200 miners per mine died. Here is an example of a cemetery where the industry that may have put them there in the background.

8. A group of miners pose for a picture……. 2000 feet underground!!!!! That is almost ½ of a mile!

9. 3 miners waiting to use the primitive elevator to lower them into the mining shaft for a days work! 3 miners waiting to use the primitive elevator to lower them into the mining shaft for a days work!

10. Working Conditions- What did you see? Record your findings on your worksheet!

11. Women and Children in the Workplace – What do you see?

12. How is Big Business treating its workers according to the picture? How is Big Business treating its workers according to the picture?

14. Children stand on the machine while it is in motion!!!!

15. Here is a SIX year old girl working in a cotton mill

16. Look carefully, what is missing?

17. Daydreaming……. What is she thinking about?

18. What occupational (job) hazards can you find in this picture? A candle would be placed into his hat to provide light while working in the mines!

19. The taller boy standing to the right oversees the breaker boys who separate the coal from the stones during mining. The machine used is moving quickly and they are not allowed to wear gloves! Why might this be dangerous?

20. Women in the Workplace

21. Mom and children working together in the seafood industry!

22. Women sewing in a garment factory.

23. Women canning fruits in order to preserve them!

24. Women in a garment factory

26. Women and Children in the Workplace – What did you see? Record your findings on your worksheet

27. Assembly Line- What do you see?

28. A computer generated model of the conveyor line used to move products past workers so that they could do the same job over and over again.

29. Workers put spokes on the wheels of a future car.

30. Finished Product!- A car roles off of the end of an assembly line!

31. Assembly Line- What did you see? Record your findings on your worksheet

32. Urbanization, Growth of Cities and Living Conditions- What do you see?

35. Tenement- House Slums- very crowded housing for workers and families during industrialization. Cities were covered with this kind of housing!

36. Inside a tenement house!

37. Another view of a tenement housing complex!

40. Inside a tenement home

44. Testimonies of Living and Working Conditions Read the quotes about living and working conditions during the Industrial Revolution and fill in the worksheet

45. Quote to support child labor taken from a book written by Ralph Mather in 1780 on Richard Arkwright: ► ► "Arkwright's machines require so few hands, and those only children, with the assistance of an overlooker. A child can produce as much as would, and did upon an average, employ ten grown up persons. Jennies for spinning with one hundred or two hundred spindles, or more, going all at once, and requiring but one person to manage them. Within the space of ten years, from being a poor man worth £5, Richard Arkwright has purchased an estate of £20,000; while thousands of women, when they can get work, must make a long day to card, spin, and reel 5040 yards of cotton, and for this they have four- pence or five-pence and no more."

46. Quote from John Fielden, a textile owner who opposed child labor: " At a meeting in Manchester a man claimed that a child in one mill walked twenty-four miles a day. I was surprised by this statement, therefore, when I went home, I went into my own factory, and with a clock beside me, I watched a child at her work, and having watched her for some time, I then calculated the distance she had to go in a day, and to my surprise, I found it to be nothing short of twenty miles."

47. 7 year old boy, coal miner ► ► "I sit in the dark down in the pit for 12 hours a day. I only see daylight on Sundays when I don't work down the pit. Once I fell asleep and a wagon ran over my leg."

48. Quote from crippled worker whose livelihood is factory work ► ► "My joints were like so many rusty hinges, that had laid for years. I had to get up an hour earlier, and, with the broom under one arm as a crutch, and a stick on my hand, walk over the house till I had got my joints in working order."

49. Quote from Sarah Carpenter who was forced to work when her parents died at age 8: ► ► "My brother was sent from Bristol workhouse in the same way as many other children were - cart-loads at a time. My mother did not know where he was for two years. He was taken off in the dead of night without her knowledge, and the parish officers would never tell her where he was."

50. Quote from crippled worker whose livelihood is factory work ► ► "My joints were like so many rusty hinges, that had laid for years. I had to get up an hour earlier, and, with the broom under one arm as a crutch, and a stick on my hand, walk over the house till I had got my joints in working order."

51. Quote from Chimney Sweep Master: "I have two boys working for me. After work their arms and legs are bleeding so I rub them with salt-water before sending them up another chimney."

52. Man interviewed in 1849 who had worked in a mill as a child. "We went to the mill at five in the morning. We worked until dinner time and then to nine or ten at night; on Saturday it could be till eleven and often till twelve at night. We were sent to clean the machinery on the Sunday."

53. Charles Aberdeen worked in a Manchester cotton factory, written in 1832. ► ► "The smallest child in the factories were scavengers…they go under the machine, while it is going…it is very dangerous when they first come, but they become used to it."

54. A quote from a doctor about the living conditions in the slums “Whole streets, unpaved and without drains or main sewers, are worn into deep ruts and holes in which water constantly stagnates, and are so covered with refuse and excrement as to be impassable from depth of mud and intolerable stench.”

55. STOP!!! ► Directions: Now look at your observations about how industrialization impacted labor and using an example (evidence) from each category answer the question below on your worksheet: ► EQ: How did Industrialization impact labor in the United States?

56. NEXT STEPS! ► ON YOUR WORKSHEET PLEASE DO THE FOLLOWING: ► Prediction: Now predict what needs to be done to solve the problems created by industrialization.

57. What actually happens? LABOR MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES TAKES PLACE!!!

58. Haymarket Square Chicago 1886 = workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine Company struck for an 8 hour day (They wanted a reduction in the amount of hours they worked in a given day). However, the Knights of Labor (union) did not support their actions. = police came - four strikers killed and several wounded. = next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists spoke up against police & treatment of workers. = Thousands protest the killings and during the rally the police break up the meeting - someone threw a bomb at police - 7 police die. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured. Result: Anti-Labor feelings sweep the nation and membership in the Knights of Labor Union fell drastically!

59. Haymarket Riot Haymarket Square prior to the demonstration as protestors being to rally.. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured. Police respond to the protestors and a bomb goes off… The result-. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured.

60. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) = founded by Samuel Gompers = made up of skilled workers who had belonged to national trade unions - gain better working conditions - higher pay & shorter hours - favored the use of strikes - 1900 AFL = leading union in the US

61. THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. After President Rutherford Hayes sent federal troops to West Virginia to save the nation from “insurrection,” the strike spread across the nation. A picture of burned railroad cars during the mass strike

62. Pullman Strike: ► National Guard fires on Pullman strikers, from Harper's Weekly (1894) Owner George Pullman, who hoped to prevent labor discontent, but he was not willing to grant high wages. Pullman housed his workers in a company town. Instead of living in tenements like other industrial workers of the day, Pullman workers lived in attractive company-owned houses, with indoor plumbing, gas, and sewers. However, workers for Pullman lived in a "company town" where everything was owned by the corporation, including their housing and local store. The Pullman Company controlled every aspect of their lives, and practiced "debt slavery" Money owed was automatically deducted from workers' paychecks and frequently workers would never see their earnings at all. The workers children were responsible for the debt if the parents didn’t pay it off.

63. Pullman Strike continued: ► During the major economic downturn of the early 1890s, George Pullman cut wages without reducing the workers’ rent and other expenses. Discontented workers decided to stage a strike. ► The strike effectively shut down production in the Pullman factories and led to a lockout. ► The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops ► President Grover Cleveland ordered the troops be sent in on the basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail. ► Federal Judge in Chicago issued an injunction against the strikers ordering them to stop striking. ► By the end of the strike 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged

64. Homestead Steel Strike: Workers went on strike for higher wages. Management refused to negotiate and locked out the workers, however the workers broke in and took control of the mill. Management hired the Pinkerton Police, which is a private security force, to take control back. 300 Pinkertons arrived by barge and were greeted by the workers. For 12 hours a battle ensued. The end result was the Pinkertons surrendered.

65. Carnegie then requested help from the Pennsylvania National Guard to restore control over the strikers after the Pinkertons had failed. Carnegie replaced 1700 strikers with new workers called strike breakers (scabs).

66. Evaluation: (Giving your point of view on something and providing reasons why you think that way!) EQ: What was the role of labor unions in trying to solve the problems of workers during industrialization and give your point of view of the helpfulness of unions during industrialization in making changes for workers?