1. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Application of knowledge management approaches in managing and integrating indigenous and exogenous knowledge for agricultural development in Tanzania Edda Tandi Lwoga PhD Candidate University of KwaZulu-Natal

2. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Outline Introduction and background information Research problem Research objectives Significance and contribution of the study Originality Principal theories upon which the research project will be constructed Research methodology and methods

3. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Indigenous knowledge – local level decision making Agriculture sector – Agriculture sector – backbone of many African countries Introduction and background information 47.5% of GDP, 85% of exports and employs 80% in Tanzania Resource-poor farming Due to IK usage 80% use IK for medicine 80% use IK for medicine 50% use IK for crops & 50% use IK for crops & food supplies food supplies Yet, produce 20% of worlds’ food Exogenous knowledge – strengthens IK & allows better farming results

4. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Introduction and background information - Established in organizations - KM can be practiced in open system - Dominated in business environment - How can KM and ICT manage IK like organizational knowledge? Knowledge management (KM) ICT -A tool for KM practices -Digital divide -Increased access to ICTs in communities -How can exogenous knowledge be linked into IKS? Exogenous Knowledge -Lack access to knowledge - Uncoordinated extension

5. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research problem Integration of exogenous knowledge into IKS – dawning now in South Africa Need for a methodology to manage IK is well emphasized (Chambers 1994; Motteux et al. 1999:261; Ngulube 2003; Noeth 2006; Sukula 2006) Need for a methodology to manage IK is well emphasized (Chambers 1994; Motteux et al. 1999:261; Ngulube 2003; Noeth 2006; Sukula 2006) Exogenous Knowledge -Lack access to knowledge - Uncoordinated extension Exogenous Knowledge -Lack access to knowledge - Uncoordinated extension

6. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research problem -Dlamini, P. (2005) - Kaniki and Mphahlele (2002) - Kok (2005) - Ngulube (2003) - Noeth (2006) Demonstrates application of KM models Concerns raised for ownership issues Propositions to use KM to manage IK Nonaka and Takeuchi’s (1995) KM model and ICTs Barclay and Murray’s (1997) KM model Concerns raised for ownership issues Nonaka and Takeuchi’s (1995) KM model KM processes: knowledge identification, mobilization, generation and elaboration, application, and evaluation - Little empirical research

7. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research problem -Mosia and Ngulube (2005) - Siebers (2003) - Wall (2006) Culture and power determine knowledge creation, sharing and integration to exogenous knowledge Empirical research on the use KM to manage IK Fragmented knowledge sharing activities Suggest Communities of Practice and Storytelling Power and culture determine knowledge creation Constant use of knowledge may prevent knowledge loss Imperative to apply KM and ICT to manage IK and to introduce the needed exogenous knowledge in Tanzania

8. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research objectives To determine various types of agricultural IK in the local communities To identify the agricultural knowledge needs of farmers? To establish whether IK is integrated in the farming systems To determine the role of ICT in managing IK To study the current status of managing agricultural IK To find out how do farmers access agricultural exogenous knowledge To find out the extent to which KM principles and ICT can be applied to manage agricultural IK in some local communities of Tanzania

9. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research objectives To determine the present role of exogenous knowledge in the farming systems To identify role of ICTs in disseminating agricultural exogenous knowledge To assess current approaches for integrating of agricultural exogenous knowledge and IK To determine the barriers that hinder the agricultural IK management To investigate the current policies regarding the agricultural IK management To propose a KM model and ICT tools can be used to manage agricultural IK

10. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Significance and originality of the study Recommended by various Tanzanians studies Generate empirical evidence Recognized by policy makers Foundation for further studies Study Significance Originality -Inadequate IK management studies in Tanzania because most studies focus on role of IK for agricultural development - Qualitative methods provide better understanding of complex situation - Various KM models to provide theoretical guidance Originality -Inadequate IK management studies in Tanzania because most studies focus on role of IK for agricultural development - Qualitative methods provide better understanding of complex situation - Various KM models to provide theoretical guidance

11. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Principal theories upon which the research project will be constructed Nonaka, Toyama and Konno (2000) knowledge creation model Emphasize need for knowledge mapping & knowledge vision Theoretical framework - Interrelated concepts, theories - Guides research to determine things to measure and statistical relationship -Nine KM models Experiential KA Conceptual KA Routine KA Systemic KA Similar to Boisot (1987) knowledge as either codified or uncodified, & as diffused or undiffused Similar to Boisot (1987) knowledge as either codified or uncodified, & as diffused or undiffused

12. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Principal theories upon which the research project will be constructed Small and Tatalias’s (2000) KM model Second dimension consists of elements that influence knowledge creation activities Second dimension First dimension Similar to Probst, Raub, and Romhardt (1999) Knowledge goals and assessment influence the core KM processes KM processes – identification, acquisition, development, distribution, utilization, retention Similar to Probst, Raub, and Romhardt (1999) Knowledge goals and assessment influence the core KM processes KM processes – identification, acquisition, development, distribution, utilization, retention

13. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa - Kruger and Snyman (2005) -Davenport (1998) - McAdam and McCreedy (1999) -Rowley (2001) -Bouthillier and Shearer (2002) - Earl (2001) - Kruger and Snyman (2005) -Davenport (1998) - McAdam and McCreedy (1999) -Rowley (2001) -Bouthillier and Shearer (2002) - Earl (2001) Schools of KM -technocratic, economic and behavioural KM principles should be predetermined for the successfully institutionalization of KM practices KM principles should be predetermined for the successfully institutionalization of KM practices Knowledge construction, embodiment, dissemination and use Knowledge construction, embodiment, dissemination and use Knowledge acquisition, creation and construction, articulation and sharing, repositories’ updating, diffusion, use and revision Knowledge acquisition, creation and construction, articulation and sharing, repositories’ updating, diffusion, use and revision Knowledge gathering (discovery acquisition & creation ), sharing, storage, use and application Knowledge gathering (discovery acquisition & creation ), sharing, storage, use and application Ten principles that guide KM processes Principal theories upon which the research project will be constructed

14. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research methodology and methods Qualitative research - Studies human action in natural setting - Recommended by various IK studies - Triangulation - Studies complexities of a particular human setting -Describes tacit & explicit knowledge -Used by various IK studies (Jenkins and Heywood 1984; Payton et al. 2003; Shemdoe 2003) - Observation, interview, focus group - Empowers people to share, analyze and enhance their knowledge - Recommended by various IK studies - Used by various IK studies (Hart & Mouton 2005; Hellier, Newton and Gaona 1999; Messing & Fagerström 2001) -Information mapping -Problem tree EthnographyParticipatory Rural appraisal (PRA) Research design

15. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research methodology and methods Study area 2. Presence of telecenter 1. High agricultural production “Agriculture production, diversity in agro- ecology, ethnicity, population density & Infrastructure” - Rural-based - Operated for more than one year - Offers a variety of services KAGERA KIGOMA Shinyanga DODOMA ARUSHA MOROGORO Rukwa Mbeya Iringa RUVUMA Lindi Mtwara CoastSingida Tabora Mara Tanga Kilimanjaro Dar es salaam 1. Lake agro-ecological zone - Karagwe district in Kagera region 2. Western agro-ecological zone - Kasulu district in Kigoma region 3. Northern agro-ecological zone - Marangu district in Kilimanjaro region 4. Central agro-ecological zone - Mpwapwa district in Dodoma region 5. Eastern agro-ecological zone - Kilosa district in Morogoro region 6. Southern highlands zone - Songea rural district in Ruvuma region Criteria used 7. Southern agro-ecological zone - Not selected MOZAMBIQUE

16. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Study population

17. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Research methodology and methods Pre-testing Multiple number of observation Triangulation - Participant observation -Semi-structured interview -Pre-tested in a rural area -Conveniently sampled -To compare results -To ensure reliability -To compare findings -Avoid errors and bias -Ensure credibility of findings Validity and reliability - Establishing & assessing the quality of research

18. Prolissa: Doctoral Forum, 4 th March, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa Thank you for your attention! Edda Tandi Lwoga University of KwaZulu-Natal