1. M4: Management: Planning, Implementation and Operation M 4-3: Gender Aspects (1) K. Gnanakan F. Charton UNICEF Katharina Conradin, seecon international Dr. Johannes Heeb, International Ecological Engineering Society & seecon international Prof. Dr. Petter Jenssen, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Dr. Ken Gnanakan, ACTS Bangalore, India © 2007 seecon International gmbh ACTS

2. Credits K. Conradin Included in this CD-ROM are materials from various organisations and sources. The materials complied on this CD are available freely on the internet. Following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made. The publication of these materials on this CD-ROM does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published on this CD for the first time follows the same open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. Therefore the user must always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. We thank all individuals and institutions that have provided information for this CD, especially the German Agency for Technical Cooperation GTZ, Ecosanres, Ecosan Norway, the International Water and Sanitation Centre IRC, the Stockholm Environment Institute SEI, the World Health Organisation WHO, the Hesperian Foundation, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SIDA, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries SANDEC of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology EAWAG, Sanitation by Communities SANIMAS, the Stockholm International Water Institute SIWI, the Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council WSSCC, the World Water Assessment Programme of the UNESCO, the Tear Fund, WaterAid, and all others that have contributed in some way to this curriculum. We apologize in advance if references are missing or incorrect, and welcome feedback if errors are detected. We encourage all feedback on the composition and content of this curriculum. Please direct it either to johannes.heeb@seecon.eu or petter.jenssen@umb.no, or use the feedback form.johannes.heeb@seecon.eupetter.jenssen@umb.no feedback form K. Conradin seecon

3. Credits K. Conradin seecon ecosan Curriculum - Credits Concept and ecosan expertise:Johannes Heeb, Petter D. Jenssen, Ken Gnanakan Compiling of Information: Katharina Conradin Layout:Katharina Conradin Photo Credits:Mostly Johannes Heeb & Katharina Conradin; as per credit. Text Credits:As per source indication. Financial support:Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) How to Obtain the Curriculum Material Free download of PDF tutorials: www.seecon.ch orwww.seecon.ch (without further readings)www.gtz.de/ecosanwww.gtz.de/ecosan Order full curriculum CD:Handling charge € 20 for individuals, 200 € for courses. Orders from developing countries: according to financial means. johannes.heeb@seecon.eu petter.jenssen@umb.no Release:2.0, February 2007, 3000 copies Feedback:Feedback regarding improvements, errors, experience of use etc. is welcome. Please notify one of the above email addresses or use the feedback form.feedback form Sources Copyright:Copyright of the individual sources lies with the authors or producing organizations. Copying is allowed as long as references are properly acknowledged.

4. Contents Introduction Gender Approach to Water Resources Management and Sanitation Gender Perspectives on Sanitation Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation Urban Agriculture and Women Gender Issues in Latrine Design Management Roles Sanitation and Education Involvement in Decision Making Processes Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water & Sanitation Projects Making Gender Roles Visible Case Study: Concrete Benefits for Women in India Conclusion (1)

5. Introduction 2000: 2,4 billion people had no access to any form of sanitary means of excreta disposal. →4 billion cases of diarrhoea each year between 1990 and 2000, → 2.2 million deaths (mostly infants & children)  prevention is an important gender concern.  women shoulder a huge burden in coping with the lack of basic sanitation services. →lack of facilities →hygienic behaviour impossible (lacking facilities): dirty hands →poor health (themselves & families) Societal barriers often restrict women’s involvement in the improvement programmes intended to alleviate their situation. Source: (16) K. Conradin

6. Gender Approach to Water Resources Management and Sanitation Women: wealth of knowledge on water: →primary responsibility for water supply, sanitation and health at the household level →role in growing subsistence crops. Access to water: →greater self esteem →reduced exposure to sexual violence and health hazards →increased time available for education, childcare, growing food and income generation. Central role often overlooked at the decision-making stages of water resource management. Access to water and sanitation provides great benefits to a society and the economy as a whole, and a gender approach is central to sustainable management of water resources and sanitation. K. Conradin

7. ++ Glossary: Gender Gender: refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women and the relationship between them, their qualities, behaviours and identities. culturally specific can change over time. socially determined roles, influenced by historical, religious, economic, cultural and ethnic factors. gender relation: relation between women and men

8. ++ Glossary: Gender Approach Gender approach: Attitudes, roles and responsibilities of men and women are taken into account- A gender approach highlights:  Difference between women’s and men’s interests, how they interact and how differences are expressed  Conventions and hierarchies which determine women’s and men’s position in the family, community, and society at large, whereby women are usually dominated by men.  Differences among women and men based on age, wealth, ethnic background and other factors.

9. Gender Approach to Water Resources Management and Sanitation Key issues to be considered in a gender approach: Water resources management and sanitation: 1. Equitable access to Water Supply: essential for achieving gender equality, more time for women to the pursuit of education, income generation 2. Equitable access to land rights and water for productive use: can empower women and address the root causes of poverty and gender inequality 3. Access to sanitation: can reduce health-related risks for all, improve attendance of girls and women in schools 4. Capacity development: Involvement of women critical to the sustainability of water and sanitation initiatives, Source: (1) K. Conradin

10. Gender Approach to Water Resources Management and Sanitation 5. Participation and equity in decision-making: For transparent and democratic management, both men and women must have an equal say. 6. Resource mobilization: Instructing women in project management and fund raising may empower them to launch new projects Independent contribution to poverty alleviation 7. Privatization, pricing and the right to water: Controversial issues As water collectors, it is women and girls who often pay more dearly in these case Source: (1) G. Malempré, UNESCO

11. Gender Perspectives on Sanitation Gender perspectives on conventional sanitation systems have not been well established. Men: - mostly responsible for construction Women:- maintenance & cleaning - assisting children and elderly - main responsibility health/hygiene education of children. Women's perceptions, needs and priorities in relation to sanitation can be quite different from men's. Sanitation programmes built around some sort of "gender-neutral" person who does not exist in reality. Men’s wishes never been specifically assessed and may be as neglected as women’s. Source: (2) K. Conradin

12. Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation Ecological Sanitation: Women: food crop production direct influence if increased access to soil nutrients provided through ecological sanitation potential for increasing food production potential economic benefits Women's support can be critical for the functioning of ecosan toilets - e.g. maintenance: use of ashes (from cooking) - proper cleaning and maintenance Source: (2) J. Heeb

13. Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation Men:  Construction: the digging of the pits and construction of the latrine structure  Assumption: men would appreciate not having to construct a new latrine and pit each time the old pit is filled. Both women and men need access to cash incomes:  potential economic benefits of ecological sanitation probably welcomed (small market gardens etc.) J. Heeb

14. Urban Agriculture and Women Women:  potential use of urine and grey water in fertilizing and watering the garden Women are in control  more independence from men  contribution to income generation/money saving Urban agriculture:  work close to their homes  taking care of children, elderly and sick still possible IMPORTANT: Both men and women should be involved in the planning and decision-making process on urban agriculture initiatives equitable access to training and extension services for both Source: Adapted from (7) Source: (6)

15. Gender Issues in Latrine Design Failure to account for the needs of all household members can lead to downfall of project: E.g. Even mothers who are aware that their children’s faeces are dangerous often do not let them use latrines because there is a risk of falling in. Equally problematic: poor building materials bad designs difficult maintenance  Women and children, who generally clean latrines, are at greatest risk of contamination. Source: (16) Source (15)

16. Case Study: Concrete Benefits in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe: Women in rural areas prefer arbor loos to conventional pit latrines (can be built closer to the house) →planting of fruit trees →use of grey water for watering Men appreciation of the arbor loos because the pits are smaller than conventional pit latrines and building them requires less labour. The Arborloo is a portable toilet structure placed over a shallow pit. It moves on a “never ending journey” through the lands, a tree being planted in soil placed over the pit contents. This example comes from Malawi, where arborloo’s are very popular. Jim McGill

17. Management Roles Status quo in relation to roles, resources and power has been accepted as given. Roles have to be considered:  Women are not only domestic consumers  Women involved in management/maintenance:  It is necessary to involve women in training programmes & credit schemes  possible socio-economic costs for new sanitation schemes have to be considered (other responsibilities besides toilet management) Source: (2) Source (15)

18. Sanitation and Education Poor sanitation in schools:  transmission of diseases  impairs children’s growth and development  limits school attendance  negatively affects student’s ability to concentrate and learn. The rights of the girl-child (Beijing Conference in 1995)  access to appropriate and adequate sanitation also in schools Parents are reluctant to send their girls to school if sanitation is inadequate:  Girls schooling was irregular because they could not go to school during menstruation, due to inadequate facilities  Girls often drop out of school altogether when they reach puberty M. Kropac

19. Sanitation and Education Schools:  excellent opportunity to create lifelong changes in behaviour.  childhood: best time to learn hygiene behaviours.  children: taking care of younger brothers and sisters (role models) Preferences of both boys and girls should be taken into account. Building new sanitation and water facilities is not enough:  proper use and maintenance crucial (cleanliness!)  hygiene education  good organisation Source: (16) M. Kropac

20. Involvement in Decision Making Processes Involvement of women in all decision-making processes:  If a systems fails, women usually most severely affected. Form of participation differs depending on circumstances and the standing of women in society.  it is of little use to the women if they are ’forced’ into a decision-making body without being truly accepted by other members  inclusion of women in capacity building is crucial Source (15)

21. Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water & Sanitation Projects The GWA (Gender Water Alliance) suggests the following actions to implement gender mainstreaming in pursuing community water (and sanitation) projects: Collection of separate data by men and women In planning, designing and evaluating water projects, Who benefits from current and proposed management arrangements? Who gets water for their agricultural pursuits? Who contributes labour to the project? Schedule meetings at times convenient for women as well as men: Everyone should be able to participate Everyone should be informed Ensure that participation of both women and men in key decisions about the water system. Water Committee members composed of women and men (also in key positions!) Source: (14) Source (15)

22. Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water & Sanitation Projects Technical training for both men and women Enhance women’s skills Acknowledge women as producers and users of irrigation water Carry out workshops on gender aimed at men encourage greater openness towards the participation of women Plan training sessions that allow everyone, male and female, to participate. Address the inhibitions experienced by women Source: (14) Source (15)

23. Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water & Sanitation Projects Mobilise female project staff, both within the technical services and as local intermediaries far easier for female project staff to gain the confidence of women less threatening for male members of the community when female professionals start working with their female family members Source: (14) Source (15)

24. Making Gender Roles Visible Considering gender is not just involving women in a sanitation project: 1st goal: make gender roles and interdependencies visible, especially roles of men and women with regard to: decision making choice of technology hygiene food security financial security crop production health issues Define the various roles of the different stakeholders, different expectations and fears J. Heeb

25. Case Study: Concrete Benefits for Women in India Women:  able to use toilet whenever they want (health benefits)  no harassment  increased safety  more time, less time spent for carrying water (greywater use for irrigation)  reuse of the urine for productive enterprises K. Gnanakan Ecological sanitation system with reuse of excreta and greywater in South India:

26. Conclusion Ecological sanitation improvements should be developed within a framework that links poverty reduction, human rights and democratic development, gender equality and maintenance of the natural resource base. The framework must be people-centred Recognizing the poor – women and men – as actors rather than victims. Contributions, needs, priorities of all stakeholders should be taken into account. Ecological sanitation approaches can only be empowering if both women and men have the possibility to influence the direction of, participate actively in the implementation of, and benefit from, these approaches J. Heeb

27. Conclusion  More efforts need to be made to better understand the gender implications of ecological sanitation.  mobilize women and men as agents of change  equitable access to economic benefits and opportunities  recognition of women as well as men as major stakeholders, actors and change-agents in both households and communities.  integrate gender perspectives important for securing human rights and social justice. Source: (2) J. Heeb

28. (1) K. Gnanakan F. Charton UNICEF END OF MODULE M4-3 Katharina Conradin, seecon international Dr. Johannes Heeb, International Ecological Engineering Society & seecon international Prof. Dr. Petter Jenssen, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Dr. Ken Gnanakan, ACTS Bangalore, India © 2007 Click here to go to the references part BACK TO THE MAIN MENU FOR FURTHER READINGS REFER TO M4-3 TUTORIAL seecon International gmbh ACTS

29. ++ References (1)UN Water (2005): Gender, Water and Sanitation – A policy Brief. UN Water for Life Decade 2005-2015. Interagency Task Force on Gender and Water Sub-programme of UN-Water and Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE) (2)Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005). www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (3)United Nations (1995): The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, New York. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (4)Based on the experience from field work in Kilimanjaro, Singida and Shinyanga regions carried out by Ingvar Andersson and Carolyn Hannan. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005). www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (5)Based on communication with Paul Calvert, South India. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (6)Werner, Ch., Mang, H.P., Klingel, F., Bracken, P. (2005): General Overview about ecosan. Powerpoint Presentation. GTZ, ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure (7)WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. Draft version. (8)Based on communication with Paul Calvert, South India. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (9)Winblad, U., Simpson-Hébert, M. Eds. (2004): Ecological Sanitation. Revised and enlarged edition. Stockholm Environment Institute SEI. (10)Based on communication with Peter Morgan and Jim Latham, Zimbabwe. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (11)Werner, CH, et al. (2006): An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects. Unesco/IHP and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (12)Agarwal, A. and Narain. S. (undated, ca 1999) Community and household water management: The key to environmental regeneration and poverty alleviation, New York: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (13)United Nations Development Programme UNDP: Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management. A Practical Journey to Sustainability: A Resource Guide. Available at: http://www.undp.org/water/docs/resource_guide.pdf Accessed 2.12.2005http://www.undp.org/water/docs/resource_guide.pdf (14)Gender and Water Alliance GWA (2002): The Gender Approach to Water Management. Lessons Learnt Around the Globe. Findings of an electronic conference series convened by the Gender and Water Alliance. January – September 2002. Available at: http://www.genderandwateralliance.org/english/advocacy.asp (Accessed 2.12.2005) http://www.genderandwateralliance.org/english/advocacy.asp

30. ++ References (15)Werner, Ch., Mang H.-P., Klingel, F. Bracken, P. (2004): General overview of ecosan. Unpublished PowerPoint- Presentation. German society for technical cooperation. (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, division 44. (16)Gender and Water Alliance GWA (2003): The Gender and Water Development Report 2003. Gender Perspectives on Policies in the Water Sector. Gender and Water Alliance, Delft, Netherlands.

31. ++ Glossary and Abbreviations ACTSAgriculture, Crafts, Trades, Studies EcosanresEcoSanRes (ecological sanitation research) is an international environment and development programme on ecological sanitation, based in Sweden. GTZGerman Agency for Technical Cooperation GWAGender and Water Alliance IRCInternational Water and Sanitation Centre (Netherlands) UNICEFUnited Nation’s Children’s Fund WHOWorld Health Organisation WSSWater and Sanitation See glossary for unknown terms & definitions! ECOSAN GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS