1. Anatomy & Physiology: The Eye

2. Accessory structures of the eye Orbital Cavity
Ethmoid
Bones
Optic Foramen
Supra-orbital Foramen
Fat pads
Frontal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Palatine
Maxilla

3. A. Accessory structures of the eye
Eyebrow
Eyelids
Conjunctiva

4. A. Accessory structures of the eye
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal secretion
Nasolacrimal duct

5. Accessory structures of the eye Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique
Superior oblique

6. Structure of the Eye 1. Fibrous Tunic - Sclera & Cornea
2. Vascular Tunic – Choroid, Ciliary body, Lens, Iris, Aqueous humor
3. Nervous (Sensory) Tunic – Retina, Macula lutea, Optic Disc, Vitreous humor

7. 1. Fibrous Tunic
Sclera
Cornea

8. 2. Vascular Tunic
Aqueous Humor
Choroid

9. 2. Vascular Tunic
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Suspensory Ligament
Ciliary Body

10. 3. Nervous Tunic
Retina
Macula Lutea
Vitreous Humor
Vitreous Humor
Optic Disc

11. Retina
Light
Optic Disc
Optic Nerve

12. Retina
Rods
Cones

13. Retina: Rods vs. Cones Cones Green, Red, Blue Rods Black & White
Bright light
Mostly in macula lutea
Rods Black & White
Dim Light
All over retina

14. Vision Physiology 1. Refraction & Lenses
Refraction – bending of light
Lenses
Concave
Focal point R
Convex R
Real Image

15. Vision Physiology 2. Visual focusing
Emmetropic Vision – normal vision & requires no accommodation of the lens (20 ft.)

16. C. Vision Physiology 3. Refraction problems
Myopia – nearsightedness. Eyeball too long.
Hyperopia – farsightedness. Eyeball too short
Astigmatism – unequal curvature of lens
Presbyopia – farsightedness due to age. Lens cannot accommodate. About 45 years.

17. Snellen Eye Chart
Astigmatism Chart

18. Emmetropic eye
Myopic eye
Hyperopic eye

19. Myopic eye
Hyperopic eye

20. Stereoscopic Vision
and Depth Perception

21. D. Disorders of the Eye Cataracts – hardening & clouding of the lens.
Glaucoma – buildup of aqueous humor.
Color blindness – sex-linked hereditary condition that results in the absence of one or more types of cones.
a. Monochromates – Black & white
b. Dichromates – blue/yellow or red/green

22. Color Blind Test

23. Color Blind Test