1. Sensory Reception Chapter 14

2. Sensory Systems The means by which organisms receive signals from the external world and internal environment

3. Sensation and Perception Sensation is conscious awareness of a stimulus Perception is understanding what a sensation means A perception of wetness arises from numerous sensations

4. Types of Receptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Pain receptors Chemoreceptors Osmoreceptors Photoreceptors

5. Assessing a Stimulus Action potentials don’t vary in amplitude Brain tells nature of stimulus by: –Particular pathway that carries the signal –Frequency of action potentials along an axon –Number of axons recruited

6. Recordings of Action Potentials

7. Sensory Adaptation A decrease in response to a stimulus being maintained at constant strength

8. Somatic Sensations Touch Pressure Temperature Pain Motion Position

9. Somatosensory Cortex

10. Receptors in Skin Free nerve ending Ruffini ending Pacinian corpuscle Bulb of Krause Meissner’s corpuscle

11. Referred Pain Sensations of pain from internal organs may be wrongly projected to part of the skin surface Heart attack can be felt as pain in skin above the heart and along the left shoulder and arm

12. Properties of Sound Ear detects pressure waves Amplitude of waves corresponds to perceived loudness Frequency of waves (number per second) corresponds to perceived pitch

13. Taste A special sense Chemoreceptors Five primary sensations: –sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

14. Smell A special sense Olfactory receptors Receptor axons lead to olfactory lobe olfactory bulb receptor cell

15. Anatomy of Human Ear cochlea auditory nerve eardrum auditory canal hammer anvil stirrup

16. Sound Reception Sound waves make the eardrum vibrate Vibrations are transmitted to the bones of the middle ear The stirrup transmits force to the oval window of the fluid-filled cochlea

17. Sound Reception Movement of oval window causes waves in the fluid inside cochlear ducts

18. Sound Reception Organ of Corti senses fluid movement Hair cells are bent against overlying tectorial membrane, and they fire

19. Balance and Equilibrium In humans, organs of equilibrium are located in the inner ear Vestibular apparatus

20. Dynamic Equilibrium Rotating head movements cause pressure waves that bend a gelatinous cupula and stimulate hair cells inside it cupula

21. HEAD LEVEL HEAD TILTED Moving in response to gravity, otoliths bend projections of hair cells and stimulate the endings of sensory neurons Acceleration-Deceleration otolithhair cell

22. Vision Sensitivity to light does not equal vision Vision requires two components –Eyes –Capacity for image formation in the brain

23. Human Eye sclera choroid iris lens pupil cornea aqueous humor ciliary muscle vitreous body retina fovea optic disk part of optic nerve

24. Pattern of Stimulation Light rays pass through lens and converge on retina at back of eye The image that forms on the retina is upside down and reversed right to left compared with the stimulus Brain accounts for this during processing

25. Pattern of Stimulation

26. Visual Accommodation Adjustments of the lens Ciliary muscle encircles lens When this muscle relaxes, lens flattens, moves focal point farther back When it contracts, lens bulges, moves focal point toward front of eye

27. The Photoreceptors Rods –Contain the pigment rhodopsin –Detect very dim light, changes in light intensity Cones –Three kinds; detect red, blue, or green –Provide color sense and daytime vision

28. Organization of Retina Photoreceptors lie at the back of the retina, in front of a pigmented epithelium For light to reach the photoreceptors, it must pass layers of neurons involved in visual processing

29. To the Visual Cortex (1) Signals from photoreceptors are passed to bipolar sensory neurons, then to ganglion cells rod cone ganglion cell bipolar cell

30. To the Visual Cortex (2) Visual cortex

31. Disorders of the Eye (1) Color blindness Focusing problems –Nearsightedness and farsightedness Eye diseases –Trachoma –Histoplasmosis –Herpes simplex infection

32. Disorders of the Eye (2) Age-related problems –Cataracts –Macular degeneration –Glaucoma Injuries –Retinal detachment