3. Diabetic Retinopathy Cause:Retinal blood vessel complication r/t poor glucose control Microaneurysms S & S: vision loss Treatment -preventative with glucose control -Laser therapy -Vitrectomy performed if frequent bleeding into the vitreous occurs

4. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Dry Eye Syndrome- results from - changes in tear composition -lacrimal gland malfunction - altered tear distribution Treatment: artificial tears - lubricating ointment Surgery: punctal occluders

5. Corneal Disorders Changes in corneal structure, infectious agents Goal: reduce symptoms -enhance patient’s ability to use remaining vision Treatment: -antibiotics - antifungals - antivirals - steroids

6. Refractory Errors Myopia—nearsightedness Hyperopia—farsightedness Presbyopia—age-related problem in which lens loses its elasticity Astigmatism—curve of the cornea is uneven TREATMENT: corrective lenses

7. Surgery for Treatment of Refractive Errors Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) Intact corneal ring

8. Lasik video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f- YkzgfgN2k

9. Collaborative Care/Nursing Interventions for Patients with Reduced Vision Communication regarding use of adaptive items Safety in familiar settings Ambulation assisted with care Self-care and independence promoted Support for the difficulty of adapting to loss of sight

10. NURSING DIAGNOSES FOR VISUAL ALTERATIONS Fear related to sensory impairment, loss of eyesight, or scheduled procedure Risk for injury related to decreased vision Self-Care Deficit related to perceptual impairment