1. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction Jerry Ratcliffe Temple University www.jratcliffe.net jhr@temple.edu

2. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Intelligence-led crime reduction UK Criminal Intelligence Strategy Group (Working Group 3) said: Analysts should not simply provide management with statistics and colourful charts but a real understanding of criminal activity and the direction in tackling it.

3. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Four intelligence products UK National Intelligence Model Strategic Assessments Tactical Assessments Target Profiles Problem Profiles

4. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Four intelligence products UK National Intelligence Model Aim: Identify established and emerging crime/incident series and hotspots. Purpose: Assist investigative needs, hotspot management, targeting, crime reduction and prevention. Strategic Assessments Tactical Assessments Target Profiles Problem Profiles

5. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Intelligence-led policing The application of criminal intelligence analysis as an objective decision-making tool in order to facilitate crime reduction and prevention through effective policing strategies and external partnership projects drawn from an evidential base. Ratcliffe, JH (2003) Intelligence-led policing, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 248, Australian Institute of Criminology, www.aic.gov.au.

6. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction Need to communicate fairly simple ideas to busy people Lack of environmental criminology knowledge in practitioner community Establish a common language for ourselves and the practitioners Take what works further Process not dependent on particular software

7. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Temporal components Diffused 0000 Time f 12002359

8. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Temporal components Focused 0000 Time f 12002359

9. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Temporal components 0000 Time f 12002359 Acute

10. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Spatial components Dispersed + + + + + + + + + + + +

11. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Spatial components Clustered + + + + + + + + + + + +

12. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Spatial components Hotpoint ++++++++++++

13. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Spatial components Hotpoint +

14. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Hotpoint Acute

15. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Dispersed Focused

16. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice DispersedClusteredHotpoint Diffused Focused Acute + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Housing estate Hotspot Matrix Uniform vehicle patrolsFoot patrolsPlain clothes patrols Uniform vehicle patrolsFoot patrols Surveillance and plain clothes foot patrols Unmarked vehicle patrols Surveillance and plain clothes patrols Surveillance and arrest squads

17. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Short term Hotspot Matrix DispersedClusteredHotpoint Diffused Focused Acute + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Prevention Detection

18. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Long term Hotspot Matrix DispersedClusteredHotpoint Diffused Focused Acute + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Prevention

19. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice DispersedClusteredHotpoint Diffused Focused Acute + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Housing estate Hotspot Matrix Uniform vehicle patrolsFoot patrolsPlain clothes patrols Uniform vehicle patrolsFoot patrols Surveillance and plain clothes foot patrols Unmarked vehicle patrols Surveillance and plain clothes patrols Surveillance and arrest squads

20. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice DispersedClusteredHotpoint Diffused Focused Acute + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Housing estate Hotspot Matrix Uniform vehicle patrols, architectural changes Random breath tests, foot patrols, architectural changes Plain clothes patrols, random breath tests, private security, CCTV Uniform vehicle and foot patrols, improved lighting Vehicle and foot patrols, private security, improved lighting Surveillance units, plain clothes foot patrols Unmarked vehicle patrols, private security, improved lighting Surveillance and plain clothes patrols, CCTV Surveillance, arrest squads, CCTV, unmarked police units

21. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Caveats First step No definitive rules for classifications Contents of the matrix are examples only Could have a more complicated matrix…

22. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice Summary Simple to use and communicate Not software dependent Practitioners and academics could fill in what works, and communicate using a common language

23. Temple University Department of Criminal Justice The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction Awaiting publication in Police Practice and Research Copies of the paper and slides are at jratcliffe.net Click on Conference notes Jerry Ratcliffe Temple University www.jratcliffe.net jhr@temple.edu