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“Basal” Asterids, Lamiids
Asterids – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids, Lamiids Spring 2012
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Fig. 8.1
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Asterid characters Molecular data Sympetalous corollas
Epipetalous stamens Number of stamens = number of petals Ovules with a single integument and a thin nucellus (reduction from two integuments) Iridoid compounds
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Asterid characters # stamens = # petals Unitegmic, tenuinucellate
ovules Sympetaly and epipetalous stamens
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Fig. 8.83
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Asterid taxa “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales – dogwoods Lamiids
Order Ericales – azaleas, blueberries, cranberries Lamiids Order Solanales – potatoes, tomatoes, peppers Order Gentianales – gentians, milkweeds, coffee Order Lamiales – mints, olives, snapdragons Campanulids Order Apiales – ginseng, carrots, dill, parsley Order Dipsacales – honeysuckle, elderberry Order Asterales – bluebells, sunflowers Core Asterids
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Asterid taxa – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Lamiids
Cornaceae – dogwoods Order Ericales Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths Lamiids Order Gentianales *Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine Order Solanales *Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper Order Lamiales Campanulids (Part 2) *family required for recognition
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“Basal” Asterids: Cornales: Cornaceae (The Dogwood Family)
Widespread, especially common in north temperate regions Usually trees or shrubs; leaves usually opposite, usually entire, with secondary veins smoothly arching toward leaf margins (arcuate venation) Diversity: species in ca. 2 genera Flowers: Sepals & petals 4-5; stamens 4-10, pollen apertures with an H-shaped thin region; carpels usually 2 or 3, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a drupe, the pit winged or ridged Significant features: Nectar disk on top of the ovary; inflorescences sometimes with showy bracts Special uses: Ornamentals such as (Cornus) and tupelo (Nyssa) Family not required
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Davidia Cornaceae Nyssa (tupelo)
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Cornaceae: Cornus -shrubs, trees or herbs with usually
opposite simple leaves -flowers small, in open cymes or in close heads surrounded by petal-like bracts (false flowers) -calyx minutely 4-toothed -petals 4, stamens 4 -fruit a small drupe
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“Basal” Asterids: Ericales: Ericaceae (The Heath or Blueberry Family)
Cosmopolitan; most diverse in montane habitats in E. Asia, E North America, S Africa, Australia. Favor acid soils; sunny or part-shaded habitats Trees, shrubs, lianas, occasionally mycoparasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll; leaves usually alternate and spiral Diversity: 4,100 species in 124 genera Flowers: Often showy. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, connate forming a cylindrical to urn-shaped corolla; stamens (3) 8-10; anthers inverted, often with appendages, and poricidal dehiscence, pollen grains often in tetrads; carpels 2-10, connate, superior to inferior ovary; fruit a septic. or loculic. capsule, berry, drupe Significant features: anthers often with poricidal dehiscence & sometimes with appendages; leaves often coriaceous Special uses: blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium), Rhododendron and allies (Rhododendron, Erica, Kalmia, Pieris) are showy ornamentals Family not required
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Ericaceae anthers (Fig. 8.89)
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Ericaceae: Rhododendron
-shrubs or small trees with deciduous or evergreen leaves -flowers developed from scaly buds, mostly 5-merous -corolla deciduous -stamens usually 2x the number of corolla lobes; anthers with poricidal dehiscence -ovary superior -fruit a septicidal capsule
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Sarraceniaceae—another origin of carnivory by pitchers
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Asterid taxa – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Lamiids
Cornaceae – dogwoods Order Ericales Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths Lamiids Order Gentianales *Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine Order Solanales *Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper Order Lamiales Campanulids (Part 2) *family required for recognition
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Lamiids: Gentianales: Apocynaceae (The Milkweed Family; incl
Lamiids: Gentianales: Apocynaceae (The Milkweed Family; incl. Asclepiadaceae) Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; some in temperate regions Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas, vines with laticifers and usually milky sap Diversity: ca. 4,600 species in ca. 400 genera Flowers: Sepals usu. 5; petals usu. 5, connate forming bell- funnel- or tubular-shaped corolla; stamens usually 5, filaments always adnate to the corolla, anthers distinct or connate and forming a ring to fused to the stylar head; staminal outgrowths (corona) often present and petal-like; carpels usually 2, connate by styles/stigmas only & ovaries distinct to fully connate, superior ovary; apex of style expanded and highly modified, forming a 5-sided stylar head, secreting viscin; fruits often paired, each ovary developing into a dry follicle, drupe or berry Significant features: Usually opposite leaves; pollen in sticky masses (w/ viscin) or in pollinia; seeds flattened, often with a tuft of hairs Special uses: Some chemical uses (e.g., Catharanthus, “Madagascar periwinkle”) and ornamentals (Asclepias, Vinca, Plumeria, Nerium) Required taxa: Asclepias
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paired fruits anther views separate ovaries G: stylar head
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Apocynaceae – Groups without pollinia
Vinca Plumeria Catharanthus Apocynum Thevetia Nerium oleander
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corona pair of pollinia
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Apocynaceae with pollinia (Asclepiadoideae)
Ceropegia Hoya Calotropus Asclepias Stapelia
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Apocynaceae: Asclepias
-plants herbaceous, stems erect to leaning -leaves usually opposite, sometimes alternate or whorled -inflorescence an umbel -corona of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, each usually with an incurved horn but lacking a crest -pollen in pollinia, the pollinia suspended -fruit a dry, ovoid or lanceolate follicle, one of the pair often aborting
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Lamiids: Gentianales: Rubiaceae (The Coffee or Madder Family)
Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the tropics and subtropical regions Trees, shrubs lianas or herbs, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled Diversity: Ca. 12,000 species in ca. 600 genera Flowers: usually bisexual and radial; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, forming a funnel shaped corolla; stamens usually 4 or 5, adnate to corolla; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, drupe, or schizocarp Significant features: interpetiolar stipules (connate stipules) Special uses: Major commodity is coffee (Coffea); anti-malarial drug obtained from the bark of Cinchona (quinine); ipecac (make-U-vomit) comes from Psychotria; gardenias (Gardenia), Pentas, and Ixora provide ornamentals Family not required
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Rubiaceae interpetiolar stipules
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Rubiaceae Pentas Coffea arabica
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Rubiaceae: Galium (bedstraw)
-stems 4-angled -slender herbs with whorled leaves -flowers small, in cymes -calyx teeth obsolete -corolla rotate -stamens 4 (rarely 3) -1 ovule per locule, the 2 carpels separating when ripe
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Lamiids: Solanales: Solanaceae (The Potato or Nightshade Family)
Widespread but most diverse in the neotropics Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines; leaves alternate; often with a ‘solanaceous smell’ Diversity: 2,450 species in genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming variously tubular corolla, plicate (folded) ; stamens 5, filaments adnate to corolla, sometimes anthers connivant; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower; superior ovary; fruit usually a berry (occ. a capsule, schizocarp or nutlet) Significant features: Complex chemistry with solanacous tropane alkaloids (belladonna/atropine, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.); stems with internal phloem Special uses: Many fruits and vegetables (potatoes & tomatoes - Solanum, peppers - Capsicum), tobacco (Nicotiana), some ornamentals (Petunia) Required taxa: Petunia, Solanum
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Solanaceae diversity
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Solanaceae: Solanum -herbs or shrubs
-corolla regular, rotate, 5-merous, deeply lobed -anthers forming a tube around the style (connivent), with terminal openings; filaments short -fruit a berry, usually 2-locular -ca. 1,400 species, mostly tropical
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Solanaceae: Petunia -herbs with upper leaves tending
to become opposite -corolla slightly irregular, a little bilabiate, funnelform or salverform -stamens unequal, 1 much smaller than the others
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Economic plants and products:
Solanaceae Economic plants and products: Edibles: Cayenne pepper (Capsicum) Eggplant (Solanum) Green pepper (Capsicum) Red pepper (Capsicum) Potato (Solanum) Tomato (Solanum)
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Economic plants and products:
Solanaceae Economic plants and products: Medicinal/toxic plants ~ Alkaloids! Belladona (Atropa) Henbane (Hyoscyamus) Jimson-weed (Datura) Nightshade (Solanum) Mandrake (Mandragora) Tobacco (Nicotiana)
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Fig. 8.83
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Lamiales -gland-headed hairs -diacytic stomates
-oligosaccharides (instead of starch) -anther anatomy -protein inclusions in the nuclei of mesophyll cells -endosperm with a micropylar haustorium -molecular data -ca. 22 families and 20,000 species
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Major Families of Lamiales
*Lamiaceae – mints Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacs Orobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdrops, Indian paintbrushes Plantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains, penstemons Scrophulariaceae – mulleins, figworts *family required for recognition
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Lamiids: Lamiales: Lamiaceae (The Mint Family; Labiatae)
Cosmopolitan Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa Diversity: Ca. 6,800 species in genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate, bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2 ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to an often gynobasic, superior, often deeply 4-lobed ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or drupelets Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into pseudowhorls (verticillasters) Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil (Basilicum), peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus); teak wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa) Required taxa: Salvia
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Lamiaceae From Zomlefer Corolla: zygomorphic sympetalous bilabiate
Stamens: 4, didynamous epipetalous Ovary: 2-carpellate deeply 4-lobed 4 locules Gynobasic style Schizocarp (4 nutlets) Square stems (herbaceous taxa) Opposite leaves Inflorescence: false whorls (verticils or verticillasters) Stachys floridana
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Lamiaceae Nepeta Phytostegia Rosmarinus Monarda Clinopodium
Note verticillate whorls of flowers at each node Nepeta Phytostegia Ocimum Rosmarinus Monarda Clinopodium
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Lamiaceae: Salvia -calyx bilabiate, its lower lip 2-lobed
-corolla strongly bilabiate -anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending and parallel, the upper pair lacking or rudimentary -anther with an elongate filament-like connective articulated with the filament -ovary deeply 4-parted
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Economic plants and products:
Lamiaceae Economic plants and products: Condiments & perfumes: Basil (Ocimum) Lavender (Lavandula) Oregano (Origanum) Peppermint (Mentha) Rosemary (Rosmarinus) Sage (Salvia) Spearmint (Mentha) Thyme (Thymus) Mentha
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Economic plants and products:
Lamiaceae Economic plants and products: Ornamental plants: Beautyberry (Callicarpa) Coleus (Coleus) Salvia (Salvia)
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Lamiids: Lamiales: Oleaceae (The Olive Family)
Widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Trees, shrubs (lianas) with usually opposite leaves Diversity: Ca. 700 species in 24 genera Flowers: Often small but can be showy; sepals & petals 4, connate; stamens 2 (-4), filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or circumcissile capsule, berry, drupe Significant features: Tetramerous flowers, peltate secretory trichomes Special uses: Olives (Olea) used for fruits and oil; jasmine (Jasminum) used for flavoring and perfumery; ornamentals: lilac (Syringa), ash (Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum), Forsythia Family not required
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Chionanthus Olea europaea Oleaceae Syringa Forsythia
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Oleaceae: Fraxinus -trees or shrubs -leaves usually pinnately compound
-flowers small, usually unisexual -petals 4 or lacking -fruit a dry indehiscent samara
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Oleaceae: Syringa -upright shrubs -leaves simple
-inflorescences paniculate -corolla salverform, lilac to pink or white -fruit a loculicidal capsule
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Lamiids: Lamiales: Orobanchaceae (The Broomrape Family)
Nearly cosmopolitan Herbs, hemiparasitic or holoparasitic (lacking chlorophyll), often black or dark colored when dry Diversity: Ca species in genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, didynamous, adnate to the corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule Significant features: Haustorial connections to terrestrial plant roots Family not required
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Orobanchaceae diversity
Agalinis Epifagus – beechdrops Pedicularis Conopholis Striga
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Orobanchaceae: Castilleja
-hemiparasitic herbs with alternate leaves -inflorescences with colorful, showy bracts more conspicuous than the flowers themselves -calyx tubular -anther locules unequal and separated
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Lamiids: Lamiales: Plantaginaceae (The Snapdragon Family)
Nearly cosmopolitan, but most diverse in temperate areas Herbs or less commonly shrubs, often with terminal inflorescences; leaves alternate or opposite Diversity: Ca. 1,820 species in 101 genera Flowers: Usually bisexual and bilateral, but + radial in Plantago; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 5 (or appearing to be 4 due to fusion of 2 upper lobes), connate, usually with a 2-lipped corolla; stamens usually 4 (2), with filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule or schizocarp of 2 achenes Significant features: floral zygomorphy; special type of glandular hair Special uses: Many ornamentals (Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Veronica, Linaria); medical foxglove (Digitalis) Family not required
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Plantaginaceae Digitalis Penstemon Linaria Collinsia Penstemon
Antirrhinum
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Plantaginaceae: Plantago
-usually “stemless” herbs (rosettes) -leaves with parallel venation -flowers 4-merous, radial, wind- pollinated -corolla much reduced -stamens 4, filaments long exserted
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Plantaginaceae: Veronica
-usually herbaceous, annuals or perennials -leaves usually opposite -flowers relatively small -corolla rotate, not bilabiate but somewhat zygomorphic -stamens 2
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Lamiids: Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae (The Figwort Family)
Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions Herbs (shrubs) with terminal inflorescences Diversity: 1,680 species in 52 genera Flowers: Sepals 3-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, corolla bilabiate or tubular with flaring lobes, typically showing zygomorphy but sometimes actinomorphic; stamens, 5, 4, or 2, with filaments adnate to corolla; anther sacs usually confluent and opening by a single distal slit oriented at right angles to the filament or more or less U-shaped; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule, drupe or schizocarp of achenes or druplets Significant features: floral zygomorphy; anther openings Special uses: Many ornamentals (Buddleja, Nemesia, Scrophularia) Family not required
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Scrophulariaceae Sutera Leucophyllum Scrophularia Buddleja
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Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum
-tall, usually hairy biennial herbs -stem leaves sessile, often decurrent -inflorescences terminal spikes, racemes or panicles -corolla 5-lobed, rotate, tube short, only slightly bilateral -stamens 5, all fertile, 3 or all of the filaments hairy
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Other cool Lamiales Bignoniaceae Lentibulariaceae –
more carnivorous plants Gesneriaceae
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