1. Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand & I will move the entire earth. -Archimedes Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand & I will move the entire earth. -Archimedes Presented by: Ashutosh Mishra Presented by: Ashutosh Mishra

2. The amount of debt used to finance a firm's assets. A firm with significantly more debt than equity is considered to be highly leveraged. The amount of debt used to finance a firm's assets. A firm with significantly more debt than equity is considered to be highly leveraged. Debt is that which is owed; usually referencing assets owed, but the term can cover other obligations. Equity The difference between the market value of a property & the claims held against it.

3. Financial leverage is the degree to which a business is utilizing borrowed money rather then equity to fund it’s operations. It reflects the amount of debt used in the capital structure of the firm. Financial leverage is the degree to which a business is utilizing borrowed money rather then equity to fund it’s operations. It reflects the amount of debt used in the capital structure of the firm. Financial Leverage Return on assets (ROA) Return on equity (ROE) Earnings before interest and taxes(EBIT) Earnings per share(EPS) Return on assets (ROA) Return on equity (ROE) Earnings before interest and taxes(EBIT) Earnings per share(EPS)

4. L everage allows greater potential returns to the investor than otherwise would have been available but the potential for loss is also greater because if the investment becomes worthless, the loan principal and all accrued interest on the loan still need to be repaid.

5. C onsider the rate of interest paid as fulcrum used in applying forces through leverage. Then we can arrive at following conclusions:  Lower the interest rate, greater will be the profit.  Less the chance of loss, less the amount borrowed, the lower will be the profit or loss. C onsider the rate of interest paid as fulcrum used in applying forces through leverage. Then we can arrive at following conclusions:  Lower the interest rate, greater will be the profit.  Less the chance of loss, less the amount borrowed, the lower will be the profit or loss. D egree of financial leverage is defined as % change in EPS that results from given % change in EBIT. The calculation is likewise: FinLev =(%change in EPS):(%change in EBIT) D egree of financial leverage is defined as % change in EPS that results from given % change in EBIT. The calculation is likewise: FinLev =(%change in EPS):(%change in EBIT)

6. Measures of Financial Leverage Debt-to-equity ratio = D/E Debt ratio = D/(D+E)=D/V Interest Coverage = EBIT/Interest Debt-to-equity ratio = D/E Debt ratio = D/(D+E)=D/V Interest Coverage = EBIT/Interest Leverage analysis of L & T Ltd. It is a multi-product company in pvt. sector. Gross sales of company = Rs.8078.46cr Net profit for year ending 31-mar-02 = Rs.346.80cr

7. Net worth2696.22 Borrowings1324.31 Profit before interest & tax(PBIT) 1088.78 Interest(paid)92.09 Fixed expenses(excluding interest) 1583.30 * Data is Rs. In Crores Debt-equity ratio = 1324.31/2696.22=0.49 Debt-to- capital ratio = 1324.31/(2696.22+1324.31)=0.33 Interest coverage = 1088.78/92.09=11.82 Degree of financial leverage = 1.09 (moderate) Debt-equity ratio = 1324.31/2696.22=0.49 Debt-to- capital ratio = 1324.31/(2696.22+1324.31)=0.33 Interest coverage = 1088.78/92.09=11.82 Degree of financial leverage = 1.09 (moderate)

8. Formulae: EPS=profit after tax or net income/no. of shares ROE=profit after tax/value of equity Use of the Du Pont Identity requires that leverage be measured in terms of total assets divided by shareholders' equity, and this is sometimes referred to as gearing or simply leverage: Leverage (gearing) = A / E Use of the Du Pont Identity requires that leverage be measured in terms of total assets divided by shareholders' equity, and this is sometimes referred to as gearing or simply leverage: Leverage (gearing) = A / E

9. Real Time Data for Indian Companies (‘04) CompanyCapital gearingIncome gearing Debt ratioDebt equity ratio Interest coverage Interest to EBIT ratio Indian oil0.3460.53023.60.042 Tata motors0.2610.35316.70.060 Reliance0.3980.6605.40.186 HLL0.4410.79735.10.029 ONGC0.022 331.000.003

10. There are 4 positions which show a relationship with the level of financial leverage. F irst, is the relation of equity and debt, for instance, the rate of capital. S econd is the influences on business production and cycle of financial leverage. T hirdly the company's industry and branch whole financial leverage level. And also the correlation between the current financial leverage ratio of the company and the middle leverage level. L astly, the conformity of company's mission and philosophy with the situation connected to the relation of financial leverage.

12. †Cash flow information is relevant for company’s ability to meet fixed financial obligations & not reported earnings. †Future risk of company isn’t determined. †It is only a measure of short term liquidity rather than leverage. †Cash flow information is relevant for company’s ability to meet fixed financial obligations & not reported earnings. †Future risk of company isn’t determined. †It is only a measure of short term liquidity rather than leverage.

13. References Financial Management by I M Pandey, 9 th edition. The Internet.