1. Stormwater Management
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Stormwater Management
Eric Winkler, Ph.D. and Susan Guswa, P.E.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
University of Massachusetts

2. Presentation Outline Water Quantity and Quality Issues
Rules Today and Tomorrow
Structural and Non-Structural Controls
Metrics and Measures
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

3. Hydrologic Cycle
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

4. Inland Natural Systems
Natural system – can absorb most impacts of the hydrologic cycle
Wetland buffering – storage, recharge/infiltration, attenuation
Supports biological diversity
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

5. Water Quantity Effects
Increased flooding potential
Changes to streambed morphology
2002
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6. Water Quantity Effects
Decrease in base flows
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

7. Water Quality Effects Increased pollutant load Habitat degradation
Public health and recreation impacts
Sean Chamberlain, 2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

8. Water Quality Effects Nutrient and Sediment Transport
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

9. Stormwater Pollution Sources
Urban runoff
Construction
Agriculture
Forestry
Grazing
Septic systems
Recreational boating
Habitat degradation
Physical changes to stream channels
2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

10. Flood Control /Conveyance
Historical approach to stormwater management – flood control – dams and drainage systems – move it out of urban area
2002
2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

11. Water Quality – Stormwater Constituents
Sediment
Nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorous
Oil, grease, and organic chemicals
Bacteria and viruses
Salt
Metals
Now water quality impacts of stormwater are recognized as a major detriment to the environment.
2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

12. Stormwater Constituents Median Concentrations
Units
Urban
Non-Urban
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
mg/l
67-101 70
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
57-73 40
Total Phosphorous (P)
121
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
965
Nitrate + Nitrite
543
Lead 30
Copper
27-33 --
Zinc
195
Between 1979 and 1983 EPA studied stormwater runoff characteristics in its Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. It was the most comprehensive study of urban stormwater. The program studied 81 specific sites and over 2,300 storm events across the United States. The concentrations of stormwater constituents were measured for various land uses as well as undeveloped areas. The median concentrations of the stormwater constituents is shown here. The range given for the urban runoff sources includes residential, mixed and commercial uses. Results of the NURP show that there is a significant increase in pollutant loads from urban areas compared to undeveloped areas.
Source: U.S. EPA, Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, 1983.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

13. Stormwater Management Challenges
Variability of Flows (Duration, Frequency, Intensity)
Difference between peak control and treatment objectives
Different water quality constituents require different treatment mechanisms
Site-to-site variability of quantity and quality
Maintenance of non-centralized treatment units
Monitoring and measurement
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

14. Treatment Events Criteria for Storm Events
Figure 6. Cumulative Rainfall record for Boston Logan
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15. Sizing Systems Intensity / Duration Frequency Relation
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

16. Calculating Peak Runoff Rates
Rainfall Runoff Analysis /Rational Method
Qp = CiA
C = constant runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity
A = drainage area
(tc = time of concentration < rainfall duration)
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

17. Federal Regulations 1987 Clean Water Act Amendments (U.S. EPA)
1990 Phase I National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Storm Water Program
1999 Phase II NPDES Storm Water Program
1990 Costal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments, Section 6217 (U.S. EPA / NOAA)
Costal Zone Management Program
From EPA website “In response to CWA Ammendments (1987) EPA developed Phase I of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program in 1990.”
In December 1999, the final rule for Phase II of the NPDES program was adopted, which expands the scope of the program.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

18. NPDES Permit Program
Goal: reduce negative impacts to water quality and aquatic habitat
Requirement: develop storm water pollution prevention plans (SWPPPs) or storm water management programs with minimum control measures
Implementation: use best management practices (BMPs)
From MA Stormwater Management Standards, Vol 1., p. 2-1 to 2-2
In MA, DEP administers the NPDES program.
For new development and redevelopment, local conservation commissions or DEP can regulate storm water under the jurisdiction established under the Wetlands Protection Act…For existing development, regulations under the Clean Waters Act specify when state surface water discharge and groundwater discharge permits for storm water are required.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

19. NPDES Applicability Phase I
"Medium" and "large" municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) located in incorporated places or counties with populations of 100,000 or more
Eleven categories of industrial activity, one of which is construction activity that disturbs five or more acres of land
Phase II
Certain regulated small municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s)
Construction activity disturbing between 1 and 5 acres of land (i.e., small construction activities)
From the EPA website :
The list provided below describes the types of industrial activities within each category. Click on the link below to obtain a complete listing of the 11 categories and the associated SIC codes.
Category One (i): Facilities with effluent limitations
Category Two (ii): Manufacturing
Category Three (iii): Mineral, Metal, Oil and Gas
Category Four (iv): Hazardous Waste, Treatment, or Disposal Facilities
Category Five (v): Landfills
Category Six (vi): Recycling Facilities
Category Seven (vii): Steam Electric Plants
Category Eight (viii): Transportation Facilities
Category Nine (ix): Treatment Works
Category Ten (x): Construction Activity *
Category Eleven (xi): Light Industrial Activity
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

20. Phase II Minimum Control Measures
Public education and outreach on storm water impacts
Public involvement/participation
Illicit discharge detection and elimination
Construction site storm water runoff control
Post-construction storm water management in new development and redevelopment
Pollution prevention/good housekeeping for municipal operations
Website for EPA NPDES Phase II Fact Sheets:
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

21. Massachusetts Regulations
Clean Waters Act
Wetlands Protection Act
Rivers Protection Act
1997 Stormwater Management Standards
Developed jointly by CZM and DEP
Federal permits need to meet Stormwater Management Standards
Administered by DEP and Conservation Commissions
From MA Stormwater Management Standards, Vol 1., p. 2-1 to 2-2
In MA, DEP administers the NPDES program.
For new development and redevelopment, local conservation commissions or DEP can regulate storm water under the jurisdiction established under the Wetlands Protection Act…For existing development, regulations under the Clean Waters Act specify when state surface water discharge and groundwater discharge permits for storm water are required.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

22. Stormwater Management Standards
No new untreated storm water discharges allowed
Post-development peak flow discharge rates < pre-development peak rates
Minimize loss of recharge to groundwater
Remove 80% of average annual total suspended solids (TSS) load (post development)
Discharges from areas with higher potential pollutant loads require use of specific BMPs
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

23. Stormwater Management Standards
Storm water discharges to critical area require use of approved BMPs designed to treat 1 inch runoff volume (post development)
Redevelopment sites must meet the Standards
Construction sites must utilize sediment and erosion controls
Storm water systems must have an operation and management plan
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

24. Non-Structural BMPs Pollution prevention/source control
Street sweeping
Storm water collection system cleaning and maintenance
Low impact development and land use planning
Snow and snowmelt management
Public Education
2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

25. Better Design Green roofs High Density Grassed/Porous Pavement
2002
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26. Structural BMPs
Detention/Retention and Vegetated Treatment: detention basins, wet retention ponds, constructed wetlands, water quality swales
Filtration: sand and organic filters
Advanced Sedimentation/Separation: hydrodynamic separators, oil and grit chamber
Infiltration: infiltration trenches, infiltration basins, dry wells (rooftop infiltration)
Pretreatment: water quality inlets, hooded and deep sump catch basins, sediment traps (forebays), and drainage channels
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

27. Detention Basins TSS Removal Efficiency: 60-80% average 70% design
Key Features:
Large area
Peak flow control
Maintenance: low
Cost: low to
moderate
Advantages:
Least costly BMP that controls both quantity and quality
Good retrofitting option for existing basins
Removes TSS and sorbed pollutants
Beneficial habitat
Less hazards than permanent pools
Disadvantages:
Infiltration is negligible
Removal of soluble pollutants minimal
Moderate to high maintenance requirements
Potential contributor to downstream warming
Potential sediment resuspension after large storms
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

28. Wet (Retention) Ponds Removal Efficiency: 60-80% average 70% design
Key Features:
Large area
Peak flow control
Maintenance: low to moderate
Cost: low to high
Advantages:
Removes TSS and sorbed pollutants
Aesthetically pleasing - can increase adjacent values if planned properly
Pond sediment removal schedule is generally less frequent than for other BMPs
Disadvantages:
More costly than detention basins
Infiltration is negligible
Requires large land area
Potential contributor to downstream warming
2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

29. Constructed Wetlands Removal Efficiency: 65-80% average 70% design
Key Features:
Large area
Peak flow control
Biological treatment
Maintenance: low to moderate
Cost: marginally higher than wet ponds
Advantages:
Relatively low maintenance costs
High pollutant removal efficiency
Enhance aesthetics
Disadvantages:
Large land requirements
Until vegetation is established, lower pollutant removal efficiencies
High construction costs
2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

30. Water Quality Swales Removal Efficiency: 60-80% average 70% design
Key Features:
Higher pollutant removal rates than drainage channels
Transport peak runoff and provide some infiltration
Maintenance: low to moderate
Cost: low to moderate
Advantages:
Control peak discharges by reducing runoff velocity and promoting infiltration
Provides pretreatment by trapping sediments
Generally less expensive than curve and gutter systems
Disadvantages:
Higher degree of maintenance than curb and gutter systems
Subject to damage from off-street parking and snow removal
2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

31. Infiltration Trenches/Basins
Removal Efficiency:
75-80% average
80% design
Features:
Preserves natural water balance on site
Susceptible to clogging
Reduces downstream impacts
Maintenance: high
Cost: moderate to high
Advantages
Promotes groundwater recharge
Reduces downstream flooding and protects streambank integrity
Preserves natural water balance on site
High degree of runoff pollution control
Reduces size and cost of downstream water control facilities
Utilized where space is limited
Disadvantages:
High failure rate due to improper siting, design, construction and maintenance
Generally restricted to small drainage areas
Potential for groundwater contamination
Requires frequent maintenance
Susceptible to clogging
StormTech, subsidiary to Infiltrator Systems, Inc, 2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

32. Dry Wells Removal Efficiency: 80% average 80% design
On-site infiltration
For untreated storm water from roofs only (copper excluded)
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

33. Sand and Organic Filters
Removal Efficiency:
80% average
80% design
Design Features:
Large area
Peak flow control
Maintenance: high
Cost: high
2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

34. Inlets and Catch Basins
Removal Efficiency:
15-35% average
25% design
Design Features:
Debris removal
Pretreatment
Maintenance: moderate to high
Cost: low to high
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

35. Sediment Traps/Forebays
Removal Efficiency:
25% average
25% design
Design Features:
Pretreatment
Retrofit expansion
Larger space requirement than inlet.
Maintenance: moderate
Cost: low to moderate
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

36. Innovative BMPs - Advanced Sedimentation
Removal Efficiency:
50-80% average
80% design
Design Features:
small area
Oil and Grease control
Maintenance: moderate
Cost: moderate
Rinker Inc, 2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

37. Innovative BMPs - Sand Filtration
Removal Efficiency:
50-80% average
80% design
Design Features:
small area
Nutrient and pathogen (potential)
Maintenance: moderate
Cost: moderate
Stormtreat Inc, 2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

38. Innovative BMPs - Hydrodynamic
Removal Efficiency:
50-80% average
80% design
Design Features:
small area
Oil and Grease control
Maintenance: moderate
Cost: moderate
Vortechs Inc, 2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

39. Innovative BMPs – Media Filtration
Removal Efficiency:
50-80% average
80% design
Design Features:
small area
Oil and Grease control
Maintenance: moderate
Cost: moderate
Stormwater Management Inc, 2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

40. Innovative BMPs – Inlet Inserts
Removal Efficiency:
To be determined
Design Features:
Retrofit
Construction
Oil and Grease control
Maintenance: moderate
Cost: moderate
2002
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

41. Water Quality Monitoring
TARP- Technology Acceptance Reciprocity Program
Address technology review and approval barriers in policy and regulations;
Accept the performance tests and data from partner’s review to reduce subsequent review and approval time;
Use the Protocol for state-led initiatives, grants, and verification or certification programs; and
Share technology information with potential users in the public and private sectors using existing state supported programs CA IL MA MD NJ NY PA VA TX
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

42. Performance Verification - TARP
Storm Event Criteria to Sample
More than 0.1 inch of total rainfall.
A minimum inter-event period of 6 hours, where cessation of flow from the system begins the inter-event period.
Obtain flow-weighted composite samples covering a minimum of 70 % of the total storm flow, including as much of the first 20 % of the storm as possible.
A minimum of 10 water quality samples (i.e., 10 influent and 10 effluent samples) should be collected per storm event.
Determining a Representative Data Set
At least 50 % of the total annual rainfall must be sampled, for a minimum of 15 inches of precipitation and at least 15, but preferably 20, storms.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

43. Performance Verification - TARP
Stormwater Sampling Locations
Sampling locations for stormwater BMPs should be taken at inlet and outlet.
Sampling Methods
Programmable automatic flow samplers with continuous flow measurements should be used
Grab samples used for: pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual chlorine, oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), E coli, total coliform, fecal coliform and streptococci, and enterococci.
Stormwater Flow Measurement Methods
Primary and secondary flow measurement devices are required.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

44. Performance Verification - TARP
Sample Data Quality Assurance and Control
Equipment decontamination,
Preservation,
Holding time,
Volume,
QC samples (spikes, blanks, splits, and field and lab duplicates),
QA on sampling equipment
Packaging and shipping,
Identification and labeling, and
Chain-of-custody.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

45. Performance Verification - TARP
Calculating BMP Efficiencies (ASCE BMP Efficiencies Task 3.1)
Process efficiencies or removal rates should be determined from influent and effluent contaminant concentration and flow data.
Efficiency Ratio,
Summation of Loads,
Regression of Loads,
Mean Concentration, and
Efficiency of Individual Storm Loads.
Note: The Efficiency Ratio method is preferred.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

46. Contacts www.ceere.org/ees
Eric Winkler, Ph.D. Director, Technical Services (413) (Voice)
Susan Guswa, P.E.
Environmental Analyst (413) (Voice)
Center for Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy
Energy and Environmental Services
160 Governors Drive
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA
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47. Questions and Answers
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