1. Part I WHAT IS A CITY? Geography 1050 The Geography of Cities

2. In the ‘Fertile Crescent’, the Valley of the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq during the 4 th millennium BC Cities have been ‘invented’ several times

3. In the Nile Valley ca. 3000 BC

4. In the Indus Valley of Pakistan ca 2500 BC

5. Other Places of Urban ‘Invention’ The Yangtze Valley, ca 2000 BC The Americas: Inca ca 800 AD Aztec ca 600 AD

6. Manchu Picchu., c. 2002. Evidence of urbanization here beginning at least 800 AD.

7. Roman Empire Inca Empire

8. The morphology of cities has changed dramatically over the millennia,

9. Athens Fourth Century BC

10. Rome in the 2 nd Century AD

11. Gustav Dore’s View of London 1878

12. Canary Wharf, Isle of Dogs, London

13. Timbouktou, Mali

14. A UNESCO World Heritage Site

15. Sankore Mosque/University Djingareiber Mosque Centre of learning by 965 AD

16. Multiple urban origins, similar functions Cities have always served more of less the same functions, providing sites of –Defense –Places of worship –Education –Fostering of culture –Administration –Shelter –Production and Consumption Processes/Properties of the City (manual, p. 89) –Production –Reproduction –Proximity –Capitalization –Sense of Place –Governance

17. Four Ways of Defining The City 1.Social - Demographic 2.Functional or Economic 3.Legal or Administrative 4.Statistical

18. Definition 1: Social - Demographic A city can is a human settlement that is:A city can is a human settlement that is: –Large –Densely populated –Permanent –Socially heterogeneous, housing non agricultural specialists and a literate elite (Louis Wirth, 1938)

19. The Importance of Density (Manual, p. 94) How dense is dense? (persons/km 2 )

20. Downtown St. John’s 4,000

21. Chinatown, Toronto 9,000

22. St. Jamestown, Toronto 80,000

23. Mumbai 43,000

24. Definition 2: Functional or Economic The function of a city is to provide goods and services to its own people and (usually) to a surrounding population (local, regional, national or global) as well

25. Defining a city 2.Functional or Economic Only a small proportion of the population is engaged in primary activities such as fishing, farming or forestry Most of the population is engaged in ‘secondary’, ‘tertiary’ or ‘quaternary’ activities Manufacturing Trade (wholesale, retail) Finance Administration Education Religion

26. Definition 3: Legal or Administrative A city usually has a legal existence, incorporated as a city or town under some appropriate legislation, and with a defined territory.

27. St. John’s was incorporated in 1888 St. John’s, 1859

28. Prior to that it did not exist legally. But it did exist as a large, densely populated, permanent, socially heterogeneous settlement (Definition 1), and it performed urban economic functions (Definition 2) for the country. St. John’s, 1859

29. Definition 4: Statistical Statistical agencies like Statistics Canada make their own definitions of cities. Usually the purpose is to define a metropolitan area that approximates the area that functions as a single urban settlement. The Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) is the most common of these statistical areas.

30. This map shows the two cities of St. John’s and Mount Pearl, and ten of the towns on the Avalon Peninsula.

31. The goal is to define a metropolitan area that approximates the area that functions as a single urban settlement – in Canada we attempt to delineate the area defined by the daily labourshed. The Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) is the most common of these statistical areas.

32. Diagram of CMA

33. The Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) according to StatsCan The CMA is an area consisting of an urban core plus one or more adjacent municipalities situated around the core. To form a census metropolitan area, the urban core must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the central urban area, as measured by commuting flows.

34. Census Subdivision-St. John’s CMAPop. % change St. John’s100,6461.5 Mount Pearl24,671-1.2 Conception Bay South21,96611.1 Paradise12,58431.1 Portugal Cove-St. Philips6,57512.1 Torbay6,28114.7 Logy Bay-Middle Cove-OuterCove1,9785.7 Pouch Cove1,7565.2 Flatrock1,2146.7 Bay Bulls1,0786.3 Witless Bay1,0701.3 Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove915-3.6 Bauline3794.1

35. Toronto5,113,149 Montreal3,635,571 Vancouver2,116,581 Ottawa-Gatineau1,130,761 Calgary1,079,310, Edmonton1,034,945 Quebec715,515 Winnipeg694,668 Hamilton692,911 London457,720 Kitchener451,235 St. Catharines-Niagara390,317 Halifax372,858 CMA Population 2006 Rank 1-13

36. CMA’s 14 to 27 14Oshawa*330,594 15Victoria330,088 16Windsor323,342 17Saskatoon233,923 18Regina194,971 19Sherbrooke181,113 20St. John’s 181,113 21Barrie*177,061 22Kelowna*162,276 23Abbotsford159,020 24Greater Sudbury158,258 25Kingston152,358 26Saguenay151,643 27Trois Rivieres151,529