1. Deforming the Earth’s Crust

2. Deformation Deformation: process by which a rock changes shape due to _______ stress

3. Stress  causes ________ and _________ 1. Compression: type of stress that occurs when an object is _______________ – Occurs at ____________ plate boundaries 2. ________: type of stress that occurs when rock is stretched/pulled – Occurs at __________ plate boundaries folding faulting squeezed/pushed convergent Tension divergent

5. Stress 3. Shear: type of stress that occurs when objects slide past each other (rubbing) –Occurs at ___________ plate boundaries transform

6. Folding Folding: the ________of rock layers due to stress 1. __________: upward arching fold 2. Syncline: __________ trough like fold 3. Monocline: both ends of fold are __________ bending Anticline downward horizontal

7. 1. ______________________ 2. _____________________ 3. _______________________

8. 1. Syncline 2. Anticline 3. Monocline

14. Faulting Fault: a ________in a body of rock along which one _____slides relative to the other _____________ are common along fault lines In non-vertical faults, the fault is at an ______, which creates a _____________and ________ break block Earthquakes angle hanging wall footwall

16. 1. Normal Fault: the hanging wall moves _______compared to the footwall – _________stress occurs 2. __________ Fault: the hanging wall moves up compared to the footwall – _______________stress occurs down Tension Reverse Compression

17. Normal and Reverse Faults A. ____________________________ B. ___________________________

18. Normal and Reverse Faults A. Normal Fault B. Reverse Fault

22. 3. Strike-Slip Fault: the break in the rock is _______, but the rocks move __________ – Example: ______________Fault in California – Shear stress – NOTE: This type of fault does NOT create a footwall or hanging wall because the break in the rock is not at an angle vertical horizontal San Andreas

23. Birds-Eye View

24. San Andreas Fault

25. PictureType of FaultType of StressType of Boundary

26. PictureType of FaultType of StressType of Boundary Reverse Fault Strike Slip Fault Normal Fault Compression Shear Tension Convergent Transform Divergent

28. Mountain Building 1. Folded Mountains: Formed at convergent plate boundaries – Highest, Smooth – Ex: Appalachian, Andes, Alps, Himalayas

29. ALPS

30. APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

31. ANDES MOUNTAINS

32. HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

33. 2. Fault-Block Mountains: Formed at divergent boundaries – Sharp, jagged peaks – At a fault, block of rocks drops down – Ex: Grand Tetons, Sierra Nevada

34. SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS

35. GRAND TETON MOUNTAINS

36. 3. Volcanic Mountains: Formed at convergent boundaries – Eruption and cooling of magma – Creates islands – Ex: Mt. Kea, Mt. Loa, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Pinatubo

37. MT. MAUNA KEA

38. MT. MAUNA LOA

39. MT. PINATUBO

40. MT. ST. HELEN