1. Control Structures I (Selection)
C++ Programming
Control Structures I (Selection)

2. Control Structures A computer can proceed:
In sequence
Selectively (branch) - making a choice
Repetitively (iteratively) - looping
Some statements are executed only if certain conditions are met
A condition is met if it evaluates to true
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

3. Control Structures (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

4. Relational Operators
A condition is represented by a logical (Boolean) expression that can be true or false
Relational operators:
Allow comparisons
Require two operands (binary)
Evaluate to true or false
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

5. Relational Operators (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

6. Relational Operators and Simple Data Types
You can use the relational operators with all three simple data types:
8 < 15 evaluates to true
6 != 6 evaluates to false
2.5 > 5.8 evaluates to false
5.9 <= 7.5 evaluates to true
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

7. Comparing Characters
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

8. Relational Operators and the string Type
Relational operators can be applied to strings
Strings are compared character by character, starting with the first character
Comparison continues until either a mismatch is found or all characters are found equal
If two strings of different lengths are compared and the comparison is equal to the last character of the shorter string
The shorter string is less than the larger string
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

9. Relational Operators and the string Type (continued)
Suppose we have the following declarations:
string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "Hi";
string str3 = "Air";
string str4 = "Bill";
string str4 = "Big";
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

10. Relational Operators and the string Type (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

11. Relational Operators and the string Type (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

12. Relational Operators and the string Type (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

13. Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions (NOT)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

16. Order of Precedence
Relational and logical operators are evaluated from left to right
The associativity is left to right
Parentheses can override precedence
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

17. Order of Precedence (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

18. Order of Precedence (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

19. Order of Precedence (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

20. Order of Precedence (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

21. Short-Circuit Evaluation
Short-circuit evaluation: evaluation of a logical expression stops as soon as the value of the expression is known
Example:
(age >= 21) || ( x == 5) //Line 1
(grade == 'A') && (x >= 7) //Line 2
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

22. Selection: if and if...else
One-Way Selection
Two-Way Selection
Compound (Block of) Statements
Multiple Selections: Nested if
Comparing if...else Statements with a Series of if Statements
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

23. One-Way Selection The syntax of one-way selection is:
The statement is executed if the value of the expression is true
The statement is bypassed if the value is false; program goes to the next statement
if is a reserved word
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

24. One-Way Selection (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

25. One-Way Selection (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

27. One-Way Selection (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

28. Two-Way Selection Two-way selection takes the form:
If expression is true, statement1 is executed; otherwise, statement2 is executed
statement1 and statement2 are any C++ statements
else is a reserved word
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

29. Two-Way Selection (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

30. Two-Way Selection (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

31. Two-Way Selection (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

32. Compound (Block of) Statement
if (age > 18) {
cout << "Eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "No longer a minor." << endl; }
else
cout << "Not eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "Still a minor." << endl;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

33. if ( (carDoors == 4 ) && (driverAge > 24) )
int carDoors, driverAge ;
double premium, monthlyPayment ;
if ( (carDoors == 4 ) && (driverAge > 24) ) {
premium = ;
cout<<“ LOW RISK “ ; }
else
premium = ;
cout <<“HIGH RISK ” ;
monthlyPayment = premium / ;

34. What happens if you omit braces?
if ( (carDoors == 4 ) && (driverAge > 24) )
premium = ;
cout<< “ LOW RISK “ ;
else
premium = ;
cout<< “ HIGH RISK ” ;
monthlyPayment = premium / ;
COMPILE ERROR OCCURS. The “if clause” is the single statement following the if.

35. Braces can only be omitted when each clause is a single statement
if ( lastInitial <= ‘K’ )
volume = 1;
else
volume = 2;
Cout<< “Look it up in volume # %d of the phone book”;
cout<< volume ;

36. If--Else for a mail order
Write a program to calculate the total price of a certain purchase. There is a discount and shipping cost:
The discount rate is 25% and the shipping is if purchase is over
Otherwise, The discount rate is 15% and the shipping is 5.00 pounds.

37. What output? and Why? int age; age = 20; if ( age == 16 ) {
cout<< “Did you get driver’s license?” ; }

38. What output? and Why? int age; age = 30; if ( age < 18 )
cout<< “Do you drive?”;
cout<< “Too young to vote”;

39. What output? and Why? int code; code = 0; if ( ! code )
cout<< “Yesterday”;
else
cout<<“Tomorrow”;

40. Example
Write a program to ask a student for his grades in 3 exams ( each out of 50 ) , get their total and inform the student whether he passed or failed the course.

41. Multiple Selections: Nested if
Nesting: one control statement in another
An else is associated with the most recent if that has not been paired with an else
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

43. Multiple Selections: Nested if (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

44. Comparing if…else Statements with a Series of if Statements
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

45. Example
The Air Force has asked you to write a program to label aircrafts as military or civilian. Your program input is the plane’s speed and its estimated length. For planes traveling faster than 1100 km/hr, you will label those shorter than 52 m “military”, and longer as “Civilian”. For planes traveling less than 1100, you will issue an “aircraft unknown” statement.

46. Example
Write a program to get the roots of a quadratic equation, given the 3 coefficients a, b, and c,
a x2 + b x + c = 0

47. Writing Nested if Statements
Display one word to describe the int value of number as “Positive”, “Negative”, or “Zero”
Your city classifies a pollution index
less than 35 as “Pleasant”,
35 through 60 as “Unpleasant”,
and above 60 as “Health Hazard.”
Display the correct description of the
pollution index value.

48. Using selection Every Sunday through Thursday you go to class.
When it is raining you take an umbrella.
But on the weekend, what you do depends on the weather.
If it is raining you read in bed. Otherwise, you have fun outdoors.

49. Conditional Operator (?:)
Conditional operator (?:) takes three arguments
Ternary operator
Syntax for using the conditional operator:
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
If expression1 is true, the result of the conditional expression is expression2
Otherwise, the result is expression3
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

50. switch Structures switch structure: alternate to if-else
switch (integral) expression is evaluated first
Value of the expression determines which corresponding action is taken
Expression is sometimes called the selector
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

52. switch Structures (continued)
One or more statements may follow a case label
Braces are not needed to turn multiple statements into a single compound statement
The break statement may or may not appear after each statement
switch, case, break, and default are reserved words
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition

54. Light bulbs
Write a program to ask the user for the brightness of a light bulb (in Watts), and print out the expected lifetime:
Brightness Lifetime in hours
40,
75,
otherwise 0

55. Program
Write a C program to calculate the average of three test grades and print out a report with the student’s ID number, average, and how well is the student progress. “Very Good” is a 70-point average or better, “Good” is an average between 60 and 70, and “Failing” is 50 point average or less.

56. Write a C program that calculates bills for the Electricity company
Write a C program that calculates bills for the Electricity company. There are 3 types of customers: residential (code R) , commercial (code C) , and Industrial (code I).
- For a code R customer, the bill is $10 plus $0.05 for each kilowatt used.
- For a code C customer, the bill is $1000 for the first 2000 kilowatt, and $0.005 for each additional kilowatt used.
- For a code I customer, the bill is $1000 if he used less than 4000 kilowatt, $2000 if he used between 4000 and kilowatt, or $3000 if he used more than kilowatt.
The inputs of the program should be the type of customer ( R C or I) and the kilowatts used. The output should be the amount of money the customer has to pay.

57. Find The output int x = 10 + 8 / 3 * 2 + 10 ; switch ( x ) {
case 21: printf ( “ Eeny “ ) ; break;
case 24: printf ( “ Meeny “ ) ;break;
case 25 : printf ( “ Miny “ ) ; break;
case 28 : printf ( “ Mo “ ) ; break;
default : printf(“ None of them “); }

58. Write a program that reports the content of a compressed-air cylinder based upon the first letter of the cylinder’s color. The program input is a character representing the observed color of the cylinder: ‘Y’ or ‘y’ for yellow, ‘G’ or ‘g’ for green and so on. Given:
 Color Content
Orange Ammonia
Brown Carbon Monoxide
Yellow Hydrogen
Green Oxygen