1. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 9.1 Fluids Under Pressure Fluids always move from high pressure to low pressure  Fluids under pressure and compressed gases are used for a variety of everyday tasks See pages 314 - 316

2. Fluids Under Pressure Air molecules pulled by gravity = atmospheric pressure  Air pressure increases as altitude decreases  The more air there is above, the more it compresses the air molecules below   Air pressure is lower at high altitudes  When humans change altitude, our bodies try to equalize the pressure differences by having our ears “pop” (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

3. Pressure Differences Fluids will always attempt to move from high pressure to low pressure  When we drink with a straw, we first remove air from the closed straw, which lowers the pressure inside. The atmosphere, having a higher pressure, then tries to get into the straw, and pushes the fluid up and out of the way to try to get into the straw! See page 316  This same idea is used for many purposes, including hydraulics, water rockets and dental tools.

4. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Liquid Pressure and Buoyancy The pressure of fluids increases with depth  When you dive deep, you can feel more pressure  In Earth’s atmosphere and oceans, pressure also increases with depth (air behaves like as fluid as well!)  Sea level is about the “deepest” the atmosphere gets Sea level = 1 atmosphere = 101.3 kPa (kilopascals) Top of Mount Everest = 1/3 atm = 330 kPa From sea level, every 10 m in water depth = +1 atm A submarine at a depth of 500 m has the equivalent of a 500 000 kg object resting on every square metre! See page 317

5. Liquid Pressure and Buoyancy Buoyancy refers to low density floating on high density  The amount a fluid allows objects to float = buoyant force (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

6. Many vehicles, including submarines, airplanes and space shuttles all must consider pressure changes  Submarine designers must  ensure the sub is safe  design a way to change depths  When water is pumped in, density increases = sink  When water is pumped out, density decreases = rise  Compressed air, kept onboard, pushes out water Rising and Sinking See page 318

7. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Convection refers to the movement of low density over top of high density fluids Rising and Sinking See page 318 Take the Section 9.1 Quiz