1. Environmentally Friendly Cows – Reducing our environmental hoof print Paul Boettcher 1 Benjamin Henderson 1 Mark Powell 2 1 Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN 2 U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service

2. The Importance of Livestock Livestock and their production provide many benefits to humankind –Food security –Wealth generation and maintenance –Rural development –Cultural significance –Environmental services

3. Livestock and the Environment The importance of livestock is expected to increase in the future –World’s population  33% by 2050 mostly in developing countries –Consumption of milk  62% and meat  76% Livestock can have negative impacts on the environment –Among top 2 to 3 sources of environmental degradation

4. Impacts of Livestock Production One-third of arable land is used for the production of livestock feed One-quarter of the ice-free terrestrial surface is used for grazing One-fifth of the Earth’s animal biomass is livestock Livestock produce up to 18% of GHG Dairying contributes significantly to these impacts

5. Impacts of Milk Production Five main areas of impact Landscapes and soil Water Biodiversity Non-renewable resources Greenhouse gases Type and scale of impacts depend on production system

6. Landscapes and Soil Feed crop production has various negative direct and indirect consequences –Soil compaction, erosion and flooding –Nutrient overload –Deforestation Pasturing can cause trampling and degradation Intensification of production can diminish the aesthetics of the countryside

7. Water Majority of water used in feed crop production –leaching of nutrients and agro-chemicals In the dairy, water is used in many processes, from cleaning and sanitation to cooling of cattle Lactating cattle consume 40 – 70 litres/d Nutrients from poorly managed manure can seep into ground and surface water

8. Biodiversity Selection for genetic improvement tends to decrease genetic diversity both within and across breeds Feed production involves plant monoculture –decreases the biodiversity of wild fauna, flora and soil micro-organisms Poorly managed grazing can reduce the species richness and ecosystem function of grasslands

9. Non-renewable Resources Feed crop production consumes fossil fuels –Crop tillage and harvesting –Fertilizers Animal housing and milk collection and cooling consumes electricity –800 to 1200 kWh/cow/yr (US data)

10. Greenhouse Gases Cattle emit methane as a by-product of rumination Manure can release nitrous oxide and methane Feed crop production releases carbon dioxide The global dairy sector produces 4% of global antrhopogenic GHG emissions –2.4 kg CO 2 per kg of fat/protein corrected milk

11. Shrinking the Hoof print Two general approaches can be taken to increase the environmental impact of dairying –Improving the system and production environment –Breeding a “greener” Holstein cow Involves enhanced resource usage –Energy –Water –Nutrients –Biodiversity –Greenhouse gases

12. The System: Crop Production Many of the environmental impacts of dairying result from feed crop production Applying “good practices” will reduce impacts –Soil testing and judicious fertilizer application Soil, water, energy – Proper application of herbicides and pesticides Water and wild biodiversity –Controlled irrigation Water and soil –Well-managed land use changes Greenhouse gases, landscapes and wild biodiversity

13. System: The Dairy Develop (and use) a nutrient management plan –Assure adequate land mass for off-farm nutrients Properly store and apply manure –Reduce impacts on soil, water, wild biodivesity and greenhouse gases Take steps to reduce electricity usage –install high-efficiency milk cooling systems –properly maintain electrical equipment –use automatic controls for lighting and ventilation Recycle and reuse water

14. The System: The Cows Increase production per cow –Less resources used/methane produced for maintenance Balance rations –Nitrogen is generally overfed –Must be balanced with other nutrients Improve reproduction and health –Under-producing animals emit more GHG per unit of output –Replacement heifers emit GHG for two years prior to yielding outputs

15. Breeding a “Greener” Holstein Breeding and genetics are powerful tools with long-lasting effects Possible option to reduce environmental impact of individual cows and the Holstein breed Is it also a feasible option?

16. Opportunities in Breeding Possibilities for breeding are limited: Direct impacts on landscapes, non-renewable resources are largely on an herd-level, rather than an animal-by-animal basis Water consumption has a genetic component, but... –not well studied –correlated with milk yield –consumption by cattle is relatively insignificant This leaves within-species biodiversity, nutrients and GHG and as possible targets for breeding programmes and selection

17. Within-breed Diversity The Holstein has benefited from strong breed associations, pedigree and performance recording and artificial insemination

18. Within-breed Diversity These tools allowed selection for a highly productive...

19. Within-breed Diversity... and highly uniform animal

20. Within-breed Diversity but some diversity is necessary to allow for continued selection and for optimal reproduction and fitness

21. Within-breed Biodiversity Interventions are possible within the sire selection and utilization programmes to achieve greater within-breed genetic diversity –more balanced use of sires with decreased genetic relationships among them Would likely require cooperation across countries and breeding companies –contrary to short-term economic goals

22. Within-species Biodiversity The high production of the Holstein has made it the world’s most ubiquitous livestock breed –invaluable contribution to food security –reduced across-breed biodiversity Their superior genes are not being used optimally –often not adapted to the environment –cross-breeding is done haphazardly Capacity development is needed to improve breeding programmes –breeders’ associations and recording and evaluation systems –conservation and sustainable use of local breeds –genomics for identification of optimal hybrids

23. Within-species Biodiversity Countries reporting the presence of Holstein cattle Source: FAO 2007

24. Within-species Biodiversity The high production of the Holstein has made it the world’s most ubiquitous livestock breed –invaluable contribution to food security –reduced across-breed biodiversity Their superior genes are not being used optimally –often not adapted to the environment –cross-breeding is done haphazardly Capacity development is needed to improve breeding programmes –breeders’ associations and recording and evaluation systems –conservation and sustainable use of local breeds –genomics for identification of optimal hybrids

25. Selection: Nutrients/Nitrogen Nitrogen utilization is nearly an “ideal” trait Measurable –Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) already routinely recorded Variable –wide differences exist among cattle Genetically controlled –moderately heritable (h 2 = 0.20 to 0.40) –no antagonistic genetic correlations Economically important –protein supplementation is costly –MUN is related to “wasted” nitrogen may also reduce nitrous oxide emission

26. Selection: Methane Emission Direct selection may be possible –Situation less favorable than for MUN –not routinely or inexpensively recorded There are several favorable circumstances –preliminary results show genetic variation –various technologies allow measurement –there is strong political interest research support –genomics could yield more accurate selection

27. Obstacles to Direct Selection Lack of economic drivers –no penalties or incentives for GHG emission –overfeeding of protein is generally economical Inclusion in selection index would decrease genetic response for other traits Assessment of farm-by-farm differences in genetics of GHG production may be difficult –breed-wise selection goal –incentives for using superior sires

28. Alternative Approaches Indirect selection may be the best alternative Historical selection for production has already greatly decreased the environmental footprint of the Holstein cow

29. Relationship between milk production, feed efficiency and CH 4 emissions Knapp et al., 2010

30. Impacts of Improved Production 19442007 Cows, n415,00094,000 Methane, kg × 10 6 6227 Nitrous oxide, kg × 10 3 412230 Land, ha × 10 3 1705162 Water, L × 10 9 10.763.79 Resources/waste per 1 billion kg of milk (US data) (Capper et al., 2009)

31. Selection for Total Efficiency But increased production is not a “magic bullet” Reproductive fitness has decreased over time Longevity has decreased Both of these factors are associated with greater GHG on a herd-wise basis Fortunately, current selection indexes account for these factors

32. Conclusions and Recommendations Action is required to decrease the present and future impacts of dairy production on the environment Interventions are needed for management of both the cow and her production system Current breeding goals are likely to continue to decrease GHG emissions per cow –Goals may change with new environmental policies –research is needed to facilitate selection and establish economic values

33. Conclusions and Recommendations Holstein genetics has the potential to increase food security in developing countries while decreasing environmental impact HOWEVER – the genetics needs to match the environment –pure Holsteins in situations with good management for intensive production –well-planned crossbreeding in less-suitable environments –capacity building in management, recording breeding and breed associations –conservation of local genetic resources where warranted