1. Ancient Egypt 3000 BCE to 332 BCE

2. Ancient Egypt app. 10,000 sq. miles the same as Sumer and Akkad radically different in shape a ribbon of fertile land 600 miles long –half a dozen miles wide for most of its length compared to 165 miles in Mesopotamia

6. Comparison and Contrast with Babylon profound differences because of environmental conditions Mesopotamia: open to invasion Egypt: isolated by geography

7. Different Perspectives Mesopotamians: pessimistic –life is unpredictable, their gods unstable, their afterlife indistinct and undesirable Egyptian religion inspired confidence –in the eternal, stable order of the universe

8. Different Perspectives, con’t divinely guided, rhythmic cycle of life and death and belief in a final, eternal bliss

9. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

10. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

11. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

12. Egyptian Nobility

13. Egyptian Priestly Class

14. Egyptian Scribe

15. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

16. Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

17. Papyrus text

18. Making papyrus

19. Hieroglyphics On a temple

20. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 110100100010,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

21. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

22. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

23. Sculpture early and sophisticated development human figures and archicectural forms led to great expertise in painting and other representational arts

27. Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ? There is conflicting historical evidence over who united Upper and Lower Egypt. Some evidence points to a king called Scorpion. More solid evidence points to a king named Narmer. (also known as Menes)

28. Kings and Queens of Egypt Pharaoh: link between the gods and people Pharaoh: divine –his rule eternal and absolute Egypt was not just ruled for the gods but by a god

29. Distinctions ? human vs. divine ?? They could tell the difference in practice: whoever held the throne was divine including: women, foreigners, commoners

30. The Pharaoh shed his impermanent and human status assumed the eternal and unchangeable divine status became the embodiment of the divine led a divinely unified Egyptian state

31. Egyptian Book of the Dead

32. Egyptian Religion each city had its patron deity emergence of national government caused some to be more important as dynasties changed, the primary gods changed why??

33. Examples Memphis: Ptah later, as the center of power changed, Re/Ra or Horus etc.

34. Ptah

36. Amun

37. Atum

38. Osiris, god of resurrection Also known, as the Throne

39. Isis Sister and wife of Osiris, mother of Horus

40. Isis, with the child Horus Virgin Birth Provides the iconographic style for the later representations of Mary and the baby Jesus

41. Horns removed, the moon is dropped, behind the head, to become the halo.

42. Horus

43. Horus is the son of the god Osiris Born of a virgin Baptized in a river by Anup the Baptizer – Who was later beheaded Horus was tempted while alone in a desert Healed the sick and the blind Cast out demons

44. Horus continued Walked on water Resurrected “Asar” from the dead. – This translates to “Lazurus” Had 12 disciples Was crucified After 3 days two women announced that Horus, the savior of humanity has risen from the dead

45. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

46. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E.

47. Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

48. Egyptian religion extremely tolerant of difference extremely tolerant of many gods –as opposed to, say.. Hebrew religion the principal deity (national/Pharoah’s deity) allowed other gods to flourish

49. Religion as a Unifying Force Mesopotamia: master-slave relationship Egypt: gods like a shepherd –who cherish and care for the people –Would change very little over the 3000 years

50. Religion, con’t probably the origins of the idea of Jehovah-as-shepherd –especially in the Psalms –which are pre-dated by Egyptian psalms –Akhenaton’s Hymn to the Sun

51. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

52. Achievements of the Old Kingdom efficient, centralized authority astronomy, arithmetic, geometry medicine

53. The Most Important Solar calendar pyramids belief in immortality

54. Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

55. Pyramids Imhotep: architect and developer of the calendar – Imhotep: physician, architect, doctor, miracle worker, giver of wisdom – designed the Step Pyramid of Zoser – processor of the Pyramids of Giza Engineering an Empire: Pyramids

56. Step pyramid of Zoser

57. Djoser

58. Imhotep Architect of the pyramids…later he become a god…

59. The Broken Pyramid of Snefru

60. The Bent Pyramid of Snefru

61. The Red Pyramid of Snefru

63. Giza Pyramid Complex

64. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

65. Pyramids, con’t eternal home for the immortal pharaoh insured their divinity for all eternity

66. Belief in Immortality first to really develop the idea sophisticated consciousness another order of existence

67. Map Showing Egypt, Nubia, And Kush

68. Decline of the Old Kingdom Old Kingdom: the most stable period the Pharaoh dominated life – forestalled the emergence of provincial power – but gradually lost power to royal officials gradual drying of the environment – failure of the Nile to flood on time

69. First Intermediate Period 2180-2050 B.C. – localism, anarchy, short reigns, palace coups, assassinations “seventy kings in seventy days” reversal of established order dissolution of law and order disruption of trade and agricultural production http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9QAPch2o6Q

70. The Middle Kingdom 2050-1800 B.C. united under the Eleventh Dynasty from Thebes, not Memphis – followers of the god Amon – elevated to the rank of primary god – modern examples??

71. The Middle Kingdom Fortifying of Egyptian borders military garrisons on the borders new office: the vizier

72. Second Intermediate Period 1800-1570 B.C. invasion by the Hyksos People from Palestine Hyksos dynasty by 1650 B.C. (Fifteenth Dynasty) Chapter 4 Sec 1 Questions

73. Do not go past this slide Day 3-Save for Tomorrow!

74. The New Kingdom rise of the Seventeenth Dynasty – Thebes beginning of the imperial period

75. The New Kingdom 1570-1150 B.C. reaction to control by a foreign people policy of planned aggression create a “buffer zone” in Palestine

76. Imperialism: 18th Dynasty Thutmoses I Hatshueput I Thutmoses III – conquest of an Asian Empire – successor had problems

77. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.

78. The New Kingdom This whole conquer others thing led them into conflicts with others like Persians, Greeks and eventually Romans.

79. Akhenaton: the Amarna Revolution worship of the Aton – the solar disk elevated the worship of the Aton – suspended the worship of other gods – particularly Amon

80. The Aton—the physical disk of the sun

82. The Valley of the Kings

83. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

84. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

85. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.

86. King Tutankhamon

87. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb