2. June 2004Fundamental Interactions1 Klaus Jungmann ECT*, Trento, 21-25 June 2004 Fundamental Interactions

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4. ECT*, June 21-25, 2004 What is Fundamental What is Fundamental Forces and Symmetries Fundamental Fermions Fundamental Fermions Discrete Symmetries Discrete Symmetries Properties of Known Basic Interactions Properties of Known Basic Interactions ~ 1GeV versus ~ 30 GeV proton driver ~ 1GeV versus ~ 30 GeV proton driver  only scratching some examples Klaus Jungmann, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut,Groningen

5. Drawing on :  Work of NuPECC Long Range Plan Working group on Fundamental Interactions, 2003 : K. Jungmann (NL), H. Abele (D), L. Corradi (I), P. Herczeg (USA), I.B. Khriplovich (RU), O. Nviliat (F), N. Severijns (B), L. Simons (CH), C. Weinheimer (D), H.W. Wilschut (NL) H. Leeb (A), C. Bargholtz (S) Assisted by: W. Heil, P. Indelicato, F. Maas, K. Pachucki, R.G Timmermans, C. Volpe, K. Zuber  NSAC Long Range Plan 2002  EURISOL Physics Case 2004 ECT*, June 21-25, 2004

6. June 2004Fundamental Interactions5  The Nature of Neutrinos  Oscillations / Masses / 0 2  -decay  T and CP Violation  edm’s, D (R) coeff. in  -decays, D 0  Rare and Forbidden Decays  0 2  -decay, n-n bar, M-M bar,  e    3e,  N e  Correlations in  -decay  non V-A in  -decay  Unitarity of CKM-Matrix  n-,  - , (superallowed  -decays  Parity Nonconservation in Atoms  Cs, Fr, Ra, Ba +, Ra +  CPT Conservation  n, e, p,   Precision Studies within The Standard Model  Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure  Theoretical Support  Positions at Universities  Experimentalists and Theorists  High Power Proton Driver  Several MW  Target Research  Cold and Ultracold Neutrons  Low Energy Radioactive Beams  Improved Trapping Facilities  Underground Facilities Physics Topics Adequate Environment Human resources Facilities of NuPECC working group 2003

7. June 2004Fundamental Interactions6  The Nature of Neutrinos  Oscillations / Masses / 0 2  -decay  T and CP Violation  edm’s, D (R) coeff. in  -decays, D 0  Rare and Forbidden Decays  0 2  -decay, n-n bar, M-M bar,  e    3e,  N e  Correlations in  -decay  non V-A in  -decay  Unitarity of CKM-Matrix  n-,  - , (superallowed  -decays  Parity Nonconservation in Atoms  Cs, Fr, Ra, Ba +, Ra +  CPT Conservation  n, e, p,   Precision Studies within The Standard Model  Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure  Theoretical Support  Positions at Universities  Experimentalists and Theorists  High Power Proton Driver  Several MW  Target Research  Cold and Ultracold Neutrons  Low Energy Radioactive Beams  Improved Trapping Facilities  Underground Facilities Physics Topics Adequate Environment Human resources Facilities Relating to a MW Proton Machine

8. June 2004Fundamental Interactions7 Physics Topics Physics Topics  Offer unique possibilities to gain inside into fundamental processes and into yet unexplained observed facts in nature  Offer possibilities to measure needed fundamental constants with unprecedented accuracy Relating to a MW Proton Machine High Power Proton Driver  To obtain sufficient particles - Statistics Limitations - Understanding Systematics  To enable Novel Techniques

9. June 2004Fundamental Interactions8  Physicists in general: have always a tendency to put their own activities as fundamental  renormalization of meaning  Albert Einstein : to know how God has made the world > I would like to know how God has made the world. I am not one or an other phenomenon not interested in one or an other phenomenon, not spectrum of one or another element not interested in the spectrum of one or another element. to know His Thoughts I would like to know His Thoughts, everything else are just details. <  resembles literal meaning, i.e. basic, not deducible law [Webbster’s New World] fundamental := “ forming a foundation or basis, a principle, law etc. serving as a basis”

10. June 2004Fundamental Interactions9 ?

11. June 2004Fundamental Interactions10 fundamental := “ forming a foundation or basis a principle, law etc. serving as a basis” Forces and Symmetries Global Symmetries  Conservation Laws energy momentum electric charge lepton number charged lepton family number baryon number ….. Local Symmetries  Forces fundamental interactions 

12. June 2004Fundamental Interactions11 fundamental := “ forming a foundation or basis a principle, law etc. serving as a basis” Standard Model Standard Model 3 Fundamental Forces Electromagnetic Weak Strong 12 Fundamental Fermions Quarks, Leptons 13 Gauge Bosons ,W +, W -, Z 0, H, 8 Gluons However However many open questions Why 3 generations ? Why some 30 Parameters? Why CP violation ? Why us? ….. Gravity Gravity not included No Combind Theory of GravityQuantum Mechanics Gravity and Quantum Mechanics 

13. June 2004Fundamental Interactions12 Fundamental Interactions – Standard Model Physics outside Standard Model Searches for New Physics Physics within the Standard Model

14. June 2004Fundamental Interactions13 Neutrinos  Neutrino Oscillations  Neutrino Masses Quarks  Unitarity of CKM Matrix Rare decays  Baryon Number  Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon  -Decay

15. June 2004Fundamental Interactions14 Neutrinos  Neutrino Oscillations  Neutrino Masses Quarks  Unitarity of CKM Matrix Rare decays  Baryon Number  Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon  -Decay

16. June 2004Fundamental Interactions15 Neutrino-Experiments Recent observations could be explained by oscillations of massive neutrinos. Many Remaining Problems really oscillations ? sensitive to  m 2 Masses of Neutrino Nature of Neutrino Dirac Majorana  Neutrinoless Double  -Decay Direct Mass Measurements are indicated  Spectrometer Long Baseline Experiments   -beams  new neutrino detectors ? Superkamiokande SNO

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18. June 2004Fundamental Interactions17 Neutrino-Experiments Are there new detection schemes ? Water Cherenkov Scintillators Scintillators Directional sensitivity for low energies ? Air shower ? Salt Domes ? Salt Domes ? Only for Non- Accelerator Neutrinos ?

19. June 2004Fundamental Interactions18 Neutrinos  Neutrino Oscillations  Neutrino Masses Quarks  Unitarity of CKM Matrix Rare decays  Baryon Number  Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon  -Decay

20. June 2004Fundamental Interactions19 Unitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix  Unitarity:  Nuclear  -decays  = 0.0032 (14)  Neutron decay  = 0.0083(28)  = 0.0043(27) Often found: If you pick your favourite V us ! CKM Matrix couples weak and mass quark eigenstaes: 0.9739(5) 0.221(6)

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22. June 2004Fundamental Interactions21 Unitarity of Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix Nuclear  -decays  = 0.0032 (14)  Neutron decay  = 0.0083(28)  = 0.0043(27) Experimental Possibilities

23. June 2004Fundamental Interactions22 CKM Unitarity May relate to New Physics Heavy Quark Mixing, Z‘,Extra Dimensions, Charged Higgs, SUSY, exotic muon decays,..., more generations ! Unfortunatetly: Situation is a mess ! V ud : V ud : superallowed  -decays 0.9740(3)(4) neutron decay 0.9729(4)(11)(4) pion-  decay 0.9737(39)(2) V us : V us : Hyperons    e     e   Problem ! What can be done?  Improve reliability of experiments independently pion-  decay (theory clean!), maybe: neutron- decay  Analyse existing K data, K e3 experiments  Search for exotic muon decays  Improve Theory Numbers Compiled by W. Marciano, March ‘04

24. June 2004Fundamental Interactions23 Neutrinos  Neutrino Oscillations  Neutrino Masses Quarks  Unitarity of CKM Matrix Rare decays  Baryon Number  Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon  -Decay

25. June 2004Fundamental Interactions24 Muon Experiments Possible at a CERN Neutrino Factory - Expected Improvements Muon Physics Possibilities at Any High Power Proton Driver i.e.  4 MW

26. June 2004Fundamental Interactions25 < < < < Muon Physics Possibilities at Any High Power Proton Driver i.e.  4 MW K Jungmann 18-Apr-2001

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29. June 2004Fundamental Interactions28 Old Muonium for Muonium-Antimuonium Conversion ? P(M)  sin 2 [const * (G MM /G F )*t]*exp[-  *t] Background  exp(- n  *t) ; n-fold coincidence detection For G MM << G F M gains over Background P(M) / Background  t 2 * exp[+(n-1)*  *t]  Pulsed ACCELERATOR

30. June 2004Fundamental Interactions29 Neutrinos  Neutrino Oscillations  Neutrino Masses Quarks  Unitarity of CKM Matrix Rare decays  Baryon Number  Lepton Number/Lepton Flavour New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon  -Decay

31. June 2004Fundamental Interactions30 Vector [Tensor] ++ e Scalar [Axial vector] ++ e New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon  -Decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general  -decay could be also S, P, T

32. June 2004Fundamental Interactions31 Parity  Parity Nonconservation in Atoms  Nuclear Anapole Moments  Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation  Electric Dipole Moments  R and D Coefficients in  -Decay CPT Invariance

33. June 2004Fundamental Interactions32 Parity  Parity Nonconservation in Atoms  Nuclear Anapole Moments  Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation  Electric Dipole Moments  R and D Coefficients in  -Decay CPT Invariance

34. June 2004Fundamental Interactions33  Beautiful confirmation of Standard Model in the past !  Only little chances to contribute to forefront (except leptoquark scenarios)  Usefull for measureing neutron distributions  Usefull to explore e.g. anapole moments

35. June 2004Fundamental Interactions34 Parity  Parity Nonconservation in Atoms  Nuclear Anapole Moments  Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation  Electric Dipole Moments  R and D Coefficients in  -Decay CPT Invariance

36. June 2004Fundamental Interactions35 The World according to Escher mirror image time   time H.W. Wilschut matter anti-matter start identical to start anti-particle particle e + e - Time reversal violation can be measured at low energies PCT

37. June 2004Fundamental Interactions36 EDM violates: Parity Time reversal CP- conservation if CPT conservation assumed Any observed EDM: Sign of New Physics beyond Standard Theory

38. June 2004Fundamental Interactions37 from N. Fortson

39. June 2004Fundamental Interactions38 1.6  10 -27 Start TRI  P 199 Hg Radium potential d e (SM) < 10 -37 Some EDM Experiments compared molecules:

40. June 2004Fundamental Interactions39 EDM: What Object to Choose ? Theoretical input needed 205 Tl: d = -585 d e 199 Hg: d  nucl  atom Ra: Ra/Hg=(10 >1 )(10 >3 )

41. June 2004Fundamental Interactions40 EDMs – Where do they come from ? (are they just “painted“ to particles? Why different experiments? ) electron intrinsic ? quarkintrinsic ? muonsecond generation different ? neutron/ proton from quark EDM ? property of strong interactions ? new interactions ? deuteron basic nuclear forces CP violating? pion exchange ? 6 Li many body nuclear mechanism ? heavy nuclei (e.g. Ra, Fr)enhancement by CP-odd nuclear forces, nuclear “shape“ atomscan have large enhancement, sensitive to electron or nucleus EDMs moleculeslarge enhancement factors, sensitive to electron EDM.....

42. June 2004Fundamental Interactions41 Generic EDM Experiment PolarizationSpin Rotation Determination of Ensemble Spin average Preparation of J state “pure“ J stateInteraction with E - field Analysis ofstate Example: D=10 -24 e cm, E=100 kV/cm, J=1/2  e  15.2 mHz electric dipole moment: D =  x c -1 J Spin precession :  e  h  J  D  J 

43. June 2004Fundamental Interactions42 How does a ring edm experiment work ? Exploit huge motional electric fields for relativistic particles in high magnetic fields stop g-2 precession observe spin rotation For muons exploit decay asymmetry Concept works also for (certain) Nuclei: d, 6 Li, 213 Fr,.. N+N+ N+N+ N+N+ One could use  -decay In general: any sensitive polarimeter works One needs for a successful experiment: polarized, fast beam magnetic storage ring polarimeter N+N+

44. June 2004Fundamental Interactions43 Some Candidate Nuclei 30y0.0119+2.84137/2 137 55 Cs 22 min<0.02+1.173/2 223 87 Fr 82.8 m+0.195+0.5101/2 75 32 Ge -0.1426+0.85741 21H21H 3.6 m0.083+0.4761/2 157 69 Tm -0.1779+0.82201 6 3 Li -0.12152.5507/2 123 51 Sb -0.0305+2.7897/2 139 57 La T 1/2 Reduced Anomaly a /N/N Spin JNucleus

45. June 2004Fundamental Interactions44 TRV R and D test both Time Reversal Violation D D  most potential R R  scalar and tensor (EDM, a) technique D measurements yield a, A, b, B TRV Time Reversal Violation in  -decay: Correlation measurements

46. June 2004Fundamental Interactions45 Parity  Parity Nonconservation in Atoms  Nuclear Anapole Moments  Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation  Electric Dipole Moments  R and D Coefficients in  -Decay CPT Invariance

47. June 2004Fundamental Interactions46 ? 18 10 m mm r 0 00 K KK || K     12 102 avg a | e a e a| 3 101.2 avg g | e g e g| e r             CPTbreakb,a μμ Invariance LorentzbreakH,d,c,b,a μν μμ ? Lepton Magnetic Anomalies in CPT and Lorentz Non-Invariant Models CPT tests Are they comparable- Which one is appropriate  Use common ground, e.g. energies Leptons in External Magnetic Field Bluhm, Kostelecky, Russell, Phys.Rev. D 57,3932 (1998) For g-2 Experiments : Dehmelt, Mittleman,Van Dyck, Schwinberg, hep-ph/9906262 μμ qAiiD 0D μ γ 5 γ μν id ν D μ γ μν ic μν σ H 2 1 μ γ 5 γ μ b μ γ μ am μ D μ (iγ equation DIRAC violating Lorentz and CPT generic    ψ ) 2 c l m a Δω l upspin E | l downspin E l upspin E| l r l 3 4b l a ω l a ω a Δω             avg ll 2 l c l a |aa| cm ω r     24 103.5 μ r 21 101.2 e r      :: muonelectron CPT CPT – Violation Lorentz Invariance Violation What is best CPT test ? New Ansatz (Kostelecky) K 0  10 -18 GeV/c 2 n  10 -30 GeV/c 2 p  10 -24 GeV/c 2 e  10 -27 GeV/c 2   10 -23 GeV/c 2 Future: Anti hydrogen  10 -18 GeV/c 2 often quoted: K 0 - K 0 mass difference (10 - 18 ) e - - e + g- factors (2* 10 -12 ) We need an interaction with a finite strength !

48. June 2004Fundamental Interactions47 CPT and Lorentz Invariance from Muon Experiments Muonium: new interaction below 2 * 10 -23 GeV Muon g-2: new interaction below 4 * 10 -22 GeV (CERN) 15 times better expected from BNL when analysis will be completed V.W. Hughes et al., Phys.Rev. Lett. 87, 111804 (2001)

49. June 2004Fundamental Interactions48 Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants  QED, Lamb Shift  Muonium and Muon g-2  Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius  Exotic Atoms  Does  QED vary with time? QCD  Strong Interaction Shift  Scattering Lengths Gravity  Hints of strings/Membranes?

50. June 2004Fundamental Interactions49 Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants  QED, Lamb Shift  Muonium and Muon g-2  Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius  Exotic Atoms  Does  QED vary with time? QCD  Strong Interaction Shift  Scattering Lengths Gravity  Hints of strings/Membranes?

51. June 2004Fundamental Interactions50 Properties of known Basic Interactions Search for New Physics What are the hardronic corrections? e + +e -  hadrons e + +e -   + hadrons New activities planned statistics limited experiment J-PARC, BNL,... Fundamental constants needed Muonium “Proton Radius” Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift Pionic Hydrogen Strong Interaction Shift Muon g-2 Newest Theory Offer: 2.4  from Experiment  0,  + mass difference overlooked ?

52. June 2004Fundamental Interactions51 Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants  QED, Lamb Shift  Muonium and Muon g-2  Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius  Exotic Atoms  Does  QED vary with time? QCD  Strong Interaction Shift  Scattering Lengths Gravity  Hints of strings/Membranes?

53. June 2004Fundamental Interactions52 Time Variation of  Idea (Webb, Flambaum et al.): Relativistic Corrections to atomic level energies  E rel  Z  2 [(j+1/2) -1 -C(j,l)] i.e. > 0 or < 0, depending on atom and state New Atomic Physics laboratory experiments:  ‘stable‘ at this level Observation may be due to not understood astrophysics. Nevertheless: Are other Constants and Ratios of Constants stable in time? Are the parameters of fundamental fermion families stable ?

54. June 2004Fundamental Interactions53 Electromagnetism and Fundamental Constants  QED, Lamb Shift  Muonium and Muon g-2  Muonic Hydrogen and Proton Radius  Exotic Atoms  Does  QED vary with time? QCD  Strong Interaction Shift  Scattering Lengths Gravity  Hints of strings/Membranes?

55. June 2004Fundamental Interactions54 Standing Waves of Ultra Cold Neutrons in a gravitational field

56. June 2004Fundamental Interactions55 Non Newtonian Gravity Best Test 1 to 5  m Grenoble Gatchina Heidelberg Cern Standing Waves of Ultra Cold Neutrons

57. June 2004Fundamental Interactions56 High power Proton Driver ~ 1GeV ~ 30 GeV ~ 1GeV ~ 30 GeV             - - - -      The Nature of Neutrinos  Oscillations / Masses / 0 2  -decay  T and CP Violation  edm’s, D (R) coeff. in  -decays, D 0  Rare and Forbidden Decays  0 2  -decay, n-n bar, M-M bar,  e    3e,  N e  Correlations in  -decay  non V-A in  -decay  Unitarity of CKM-Matrix  n-,  - , (superallowed  -decays  Parity Nonconservation in Atoms  Cs, Fr, Ra, Ba +, Ra +  CPT Conservation  n, e, p,   Precision Studies within The Standard Model  Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure Physics Topics

58. June 2004Fundamental Interactions57 Thank YOU !

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60. June 2004Fundamental Interactions59 SPARES

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64. June 2004Fundamental Interactions63 Many approaches to neutrinoless double  -decay Are there attempts to collaborate and concentrate ?

65. June 2004Fundamental Interactions64 Fundamental Interactions – Standard Model Physics within the Standard Model --- Searches for New Physics

66. June 2004Fundamental Interactions65 Topic One Details about this topic Supporting information and examples How it relates to your audience

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