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2. The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Chapter 24
The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Section 1: The Digestive System
Section 2: The Urinary System
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3. The Digestive System Bellringer Section 1
How does your circulatory system get the nutrients that it carries to your cells? Describe as best you can the process that turns food into nutrients that cells can use.
Write your answers in your science journal.
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4. The Digestive System Objectives Section 1
Compare mechanical digestion with chemical digestion.
Describe the parts and functions of the digestive system.
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5. Digestive System at a Glance
Section 1
The Digestive System
Digestive System at a Glance
Main Components of the Cardiovascular System The next slide shows the digestive system. The most obvious part of your digestive system is a series of tubelike organs called the digestive tract.
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6. The Digestive System Section 1
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7. The Digestive System Breaking Down Food Section 1
Getting to Nutrients The breaking, crushing, and mashing of food is called mechanical digestion. In chemical digestion, large molecules are broken down into nutrients. As you can see on the next slide, substances called enzymes help break down proteins.
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8. Role of Enzymes in Protein Digestions
Section 1
Role of Enzymes in Protein Digestions
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9. Digestions Begins in the Mouth
Section 1
The Digestive System
Digestions Begins in the Mouth
Teeth With the help of strong jaw muscles, teeth break and grind food.
Saliva Saliva contains an enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
Leaving the Mouth Once the food has been reduced to a soft mush, the tongue pushes it into the throat, which leads to a long, straight tube called the esophagus.
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10. The Harsh Environment of the Stomach
Section 1
The Digestive System
The Harsh Environment of the Stomach
Enzymes and Acids The stomach is a muscular, saclike, digestive organ attached to the lower end of the esophagus. Tiny glands in the stomach produce enzymes and acid. The enzymes and acid work together to break food into nutrients.
Leaving the Stomach The stomach slowly releases the chyme into the small intestine through a small ring of muscle that works like a valve.
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11. The Pancreas and Small Intestine
Section 1
The Digestive System
The Pancreas and Small Intestine
The Pancreas The pancreas makes fluids that protect the small intestine from the acid.
The Small Intestine The small intestine is a muscular tube that is about 2.5 cm in diameter. In the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
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12. The Digestive System Section 1
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13. The Liver and the Gallbladder
Section 1
The Digestive System
The Liver and the Gallbladder
Breaking Up Fat Although bile is made by the liver, bile is temporarily stored in a small, saclike organ called the gallbladder. Bile is squeezed from the gallbladder into the small intestine, where the bile breaks large fat droplets into very small droplets.
Storing Nutrients and Protecting the Body Nutrients that are not needed right away are stored in the liver. The liver also captures and detoxifies many chemicals in the body.
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14. The Digestive System The End of the Line Section 1
In the Large Intestine Undigested material enters the large intestine as a soupy mixture. The large intestine absorbs most of the water in the mixture and changes the liquid into semisolid waste materials called feces, or stool.
Leaving the Body The rectum is the last part of the large intestine. The rectum stores feces until they can be expelled. Feces pass to the outside of the body through an opening called the anus.
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15. The Urinary System Bellringer Section 2
Your blood must be cleaned regularly. Without looking in your textbook, guess how the body cleans the blood. Think about what organs might be used to clean your blood. Do you know what medical procedure you must undergo if your body is no longer able to clean it’s own blood?
Write your answers in your science journal, and then check your answer against the textbook.
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16. The Urinary System Objectives Section 2
Describe the parts and functions of the urinary system.
Explain how the kidneys filter blood.
Describe three disorders of the urinary system.
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17. The Urinary System Cleaning the Blood Section 2
The Job of the Urinary System As your body performs the chemical activities that keep you alive, waste products, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, are made. Your body has to get rid of these waste products to stay healthy. The urinary system removes these waste products from the blood.
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18. The Urinary System The Kidneys as Filters Section 2
Kidneys The kidneys are a pair of organs that constantly clean the blood. Your kidneys filter about 2,000 L of blood each day.
Nephrons Nephrons are microscopic filters in the kidney that remove wastes from the blood. Nephrons remove many harmful substances. One of the most important substances removed by nephrons is urea, which contains nitrogen and is formed when cells use protein for energy.
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19. How the Kidney’s Filter Blood
Section 2
How the Kidney’s Filter Blood
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20. The Urinary System Water In, Water Out Section 2
Sweat and Thirst The evaporation of sweat cools you down. As the water content of the blood drops, the salivary glands produce less saliva, resulting in thirst.
Antidiuretic Hormone When you get thirsty, antidiuretic hormone is released. This hormone signals the kidneys to take water from the nephrons and return it to the body.
Diuretics Some beverages contain caffeine, which is a diuretic. Diuretics cause the kidneys to make more urine, which decreases the amount of water in the blood.
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21. Urinary System Problems
Section 2
The Urinary System
Urinary System Problems
Bacterial Infections Bacteria can get into the bladder and ureters through the urethra and cause painful infections.
Kidney Stones Sometimes, salts and other wastes collect inside the kidneys and form kidney stones.
Kidney Disease Damage to nephrons can prevent normal kidney functioning and can lead to kidney disease. If kidneys do not function properly, a kidney machine can be used to filter waste from the blood.
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22. The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Chapter 24
The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Concept Map
Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: food, digestive system, mechanical digestions, chemical digestion, proteins, enzymes, nutrients.
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23. Chapter 24
Concept Map
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24. Chapter 24
Concept Map
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