1. Fiscal Policy 1

3. The Car Analogy The economy is like a car…
You can drive 120mph but it is not sustainable. (Extremely Low unemployment)
Driving 20mph is too slow. The car can easily go faster. (High unemployment)
70mph is sustainable. (Full employment)
Some cars have the capacity to drive faster then others. (industrial nations vs. 3rd world nations)
If the engine (technology) or the gas mileage (productivity) increase then the car can drive at even higher speeds. (Increase Supply)
The government’s job is to brake or speed up when needed as well as promote things that will improve the engine. (Shift the PPC outward)

4. How does the Government Stabilize the Economy?
The Government has two different tool boxes it can use:
1. Fiscal Policy-
Actions by Congress to stabilize the economy. OR
2. Monetary Policy-Actions by the Federal Reserve Bank to stabilize the economy.

5. For now we will only focus on Fiscal Policy.

6. Fiscal Policy

7. Views on “Best” Fiscal Policy
Classical Economists (like Von Hayek, Friedman)
Gov’t should not interfere in the economy, it will fix itself
Demand-Side (Keynesian) Economists
Gov’t should cut taxes on individuals, spend money to benefit people in order to raise demand and grow the economy
Supply-Side Economists (Reaganomics)
Gov’t should cut taxes and regulations on businesses to raise supply and grow the economy

8. Two Types of Fiscal Policy
Non-Discretionary Fiscal Policy
AKA: Automatic Stabilizers
Permanent spending or taxation laws enacted to work counter cyclically to stabilize the economy
Ex: Welfare, Unemployment, Min. Wage, etc.
When there is high unemployment, unemployment benefits to citizens increase consumer spending.
Discretionary Fiscal Policy-
Congress creates a new bill that is designed to change Demand through gov’t spending or taxes 8

9. Expansionary Fiscal Policy (The GAS)
Discretionary Fiscal Policy
Contractionary Fiscal Policy (The BRAKE)
Laws that reduce inflation, decrease GDP
Decrease Government Spending
Tax Increases
Combinations of the Two
Expansionary Fiscal Policy (The GAS)
Laws that reduce unemployment, increase GDP
Increase Government Spending
Decrease Taxes on consumers
Combinations of the Two
How much should the Government Spend? 9

10. Problems With Fiscal Policy10

11. Problems With Fiscal Policy
What options does Congress have to fix a recession?
Taxes and Spending – LEADS TO
Deficit Spending!!!!
A Budget Deficit = govt’s expenditures exceed revenue.
The National Debt = accumulation of budget deficits
An increase in spending w/o increase in taxes will increase the annual deficit and the national debt. 11

12. Paul Solomon Video: Deficit and Debt
US Debt Clock 12

13. Explain this cartoon
2003 13

14. Who ultimately pays for excessive government spending?14

15. Video: Government Stages Coup15

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18. Additional Problems with Fiscal Policy
Problems of Timing
Recognition Lag- Congress must react to economic indicators before it’s too late
Administrative Lag- Congress takes time to pass legislation
Operational Lag- Spending/planning takes time to organize and execute
Politically Motivated Policies
Politicians may use economically inappropriate policies to get reelected.
Ex: A senator promises more welfare and public works programs at peak of business cycle 18

19. Additional Problems with Fiscal Policy
3. Crowding-Out Effect
In basketball, what is “Boxing Out”?
Government spending might cause unintended effects that weaken the impact of the policy.
Example:
We are in recession
Government creates new public library. -
But consumer spend less on books.
The government “crowds out” consumers and/or investors 19

20. Additional Problems with Fiscal Policy
4. Net Export Effect
International trade reduces the effectiveness of fiscal policies.
Example:
We are in a recession so the government spends to increase Demand.
Increase in Demand causes an increase in price level and interest rates.
U.S. goods are now more expensive and the US dollar appreciates…
Foreign countries buy less. (Exports fall)
Net Exports (Exports-Imports) falls and demand is decreased 20