1. Computers Are Your Future © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

2. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 2 Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 Emerging Technologies

3. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 3 Tomorrow’s Hardware: Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, Connected Nanotechnology  The art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic devices Biochip  Like a computer chip that processes biological instructions

4. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 4 Moore’s Law & Metcalfe’s Law Moore’s Law  Microprocessors and miniature circuitry will double in circuit density every 18 to 24 months Metcalfe’s Law  The value of a computer network grows in proportion to the square of the number of people connected to it

5. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 5 The Short Term The Typical Personal Computer: 1999 and 2007 Short Term Prediction Component19992007 RAM64 MB2 GB Processor Speed (instructions per second) 400 million14 billion Circuit Density (number of transistors)7.5 million250 million Hard Disk Capacity8 GB270 GB Average Internet Connection Speed56,000 bps2 million bps

6. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 6 Computers Everywhere Automated Highway Systems (AHS)  Information is passed between vehicles and highways to prevent collision Digital Forensics  Computers used to fight cybercrime and computer crime

7. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 7 Computers Everywhere Biological Feedback Devices  Translate eye movements, body movements, and brain waves into computer input Virtual Reality  Immersive 3D environments that are computer generated

8. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 8 Virtual Reality Users can use helmets and sensor-equipped gloves to experience VR

9. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 9 Virtual Reality Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)  Projects stereoscopic images onto walls to create a virtual environment Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)  Creates virtual environments online

10. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 10 Computers Everywhere Chemical Detectors  Computers used to detect traces of explosives Tactile Displays  Haptics – sense of touch  Tactile displays simulate skin to generate a sensation of contact

11. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 11 Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligence It has only been partially successful due to the obstacles encountered Programs cannot function intelligently outside the context for which they are designed Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine?

12. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 12 Defining Intelligence No clear consensus on what intelligence really is Intelligence involves some or all of the following abilities:  Learn and retain the learned knowledge  Reason on the basis of this knowledge  Adapt to new circumstances  Plan (develop strategies)  Communicate  Recognize patterns

13. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 13 Defining Intelligence Compared to the human brain, computers accept smaller amounts of input and have poorer pattern recognition skills, but calculate and output faster than humans

14. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 14 The Turing Test British computer scientist Alan Turing propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a group of unbiased judges cannot tell the difference between computer- generated and human output Many believe the test is too simplistic Programmers have created programs to trick the judges

15. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 15 Neural Networks Computers that mimic the structure of the human brain  Computers composed of hundreds of thousands of tiny, interconnected processors

16. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 16 Pattern Recognition Using a digital camera, pattern recognition software processes what is being seen and then draws connections between the patterns perceived and patterns stored in a database Used to recognize suspicious movement in buildings

17. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 17 Intelligent Agents Agents are automatic programs that help the user The programs communicate with the user, understand their needs, and offer assistance Microsoft’s Office Assistant is an example

18. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 18 Machine Translation Machine translation is using computers to translate foreign text automatically Resolving ambiguities is problematic One program can translate 300,000 words per hour but results contain many errors

19. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 19 Genetic Algorithms Genetic algorithms involve creating artificial intelligence by developing laboratory conditions in which the most intelligent programs survive Based on biology’s evolutionary theories that organisms try to survive Algorithms are placed in a computer environment and allowed to mutate; one algorithm emerges as the best at tackling the problem

20. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 20 Strong Artificial Intelligence Area of research based on the conviction that computers will achieve artificial intelligence equal to that of humans CYC - to create a computer that knows as much as a 12 year old COG - insect-like humanoid robot Kismet – sociable humanoid robot that can learn and interact with humans

21. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 21 Robots A robot is a computer-based device programmed to perform motions that can accomplish useful tasks Japanese-made Partner-type Personal Robot (PaPeRo) – responds to human interactions

22. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, IncSlide 22 Robots Industrial robots are performing tasks such as assembly, welding, material handling, and material transport