1. The Biomedical Therapies Therapies aimed at the altering of the body’s chemistry.

2. Psychopharmacology The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

3. Emptying of Mental Hospitals

4. Drugs and Hospitalization

5. Main Categories of Drugs  Anti-anxiety Drugs  Antidepressants  Antipsychotics

6. Antianxiety Drugs Includes drugs like Valium, Xanax, and Librium and other tranquilizers depress nervous system activityEffects - Like alcohol, they depress nervous system activity Most widely abused drugs. taken for panic disorder and anxiety or stress

7. Antidepressant Drugs Lift you up out of depression. Often given for depression, anxiety, phobias, and OCD serotonin Most increase neurotransmitters in the brain like serotonin Therapeutic Lag Medication must be taken for about a month before becoming fully effective No known reason why

8. Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft blockingreuptakeWork by blocking serotonin reuptake.

9. How do Antidepressants work?  They affect brain neutransmitters  They don’t work. People’s moods improve on their own because of the cyclical nature of depression  They work because users expect them to work (the placebo effect) It’s a Mystery - - the answer is not known

10. Antipsychotic Drugs used to treat psychosis and other mental and emotional conditions. These drugs are beginning to help schizophrenics dopamine They often block dopamine activity

11. Criticisms of Drug Therapies The effects only last as long as the drug is given Side effects can be more severe than the disorder Patients may only respond because of the placebo effect Therapeutic windowTherapeutic window – use varies by age, gender and ethnicity – making it hard to determine right dose of a drug New drugs are only tested on a few people

12. Other Types of Biomedical Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy –Brief electric current is sent through the brain –Most often used for severely depressed

13. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain Used to stimulate or suppress brain activity Also used for depression

14. Psychosurgery Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. Egas Moniz developed the lobotomy in the 1930s. Ice pick like instrument through the eye sockets cutting the links between the frontal lobes and the emotional control centers.

15. Lobotomy

16. Effectiveness of Treatment Effectiveness depends on the disorder being treated and the skill of the therapist Ways of Assessing Effectiveness Client Testimonials –clients often say that treatment works – but this may be unreliable – why??? Extreme distress naturally may decreaseExtreme distress naturally may decrease –Regression toward the mean The tendency for events to return toward their average state - “Time is a great healer”The tendency for events to return toward their average state - “Time is a great healer” “Life itself still remains a very effective therapist” - Horney“Life itself still remains a very effective therapist” - Horney Placebo effect and ones own expectationsPlacebo effect and ones own expectations Justification of effortJustification of effort –they have taken the time and money so it better have worked

17. Effectiveness of Treatment – cont. Specific Disorder Most Effective Treatment Panic Disorders Cognitive Therapy Specific Phobias Systematic Desensitization OCD Behavior Therapy or Medication Depression Cognitive Therapy Agoraphobia Exposure Treatment

18. Who Benefits and Who Doesn’t Benefit From Treatment (Therapy) Those motivated to get better Those with family support Those with family support Those who have a tendency to deal actively with problems rather than avoid them Those who have a tendency to deal actively with problems rather than avoid them Those with hostility and negativity Those with hostility and negativity Some with personality disorders Some with personality disorders Some with psychotic disorders Some with psychotic disorders Who Benefits Who Doesn’t

19. Can Therapy Be Harmful??  If therapist engages in unethical behavior – having sexual relationships with clients  If therapists act according to personal prejudices or are ignorant of cultural differences  If therapists coerce clients into doing things they don’t want to do  If therapists use techniques research has not backed up as effective  If therapists lead clients to produce false memories

20. Barriers to Getting Treatment Concerns about the cost of treatmentConcerns about the cost of treatment Lack of health insuranceLack of health insurance The stigma associated with getting psychological treatmentThe stigma associated with getting psychological treatment Cultural or racial barriersCultural or racial barriers –Religious beliefs against some types of treatment –Language barriers –Treatments based on the needs of white middle-class clients