1. Nanotechnology What, How, Why? MAST, October 22, 2010

2. Brought to you by … NSF grant DMI-0531171 to the UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing Mort Sternheim, Director, STEM Education Institute, mort@umassk12.netmort@umassk12.net Rob Snyder, STEM Ed, snyder@umassk12.net snyder@umassk12.net www.umassk12.net/nano

3. Todays Agenda Introduction – Mort Sternheim Make a nanofilm – Rob Snyder –Was Franklin the first nanotechnologist?

4. Nanotechnology Summer Institute Monday to Friday, June 27-July 1, 2011 UMass Amherst Middle and High School Science, Math, and Technology Teachers; Informal Educators (from anywhere) $75/day stipends ($375 total), materials, parking, lunches Housing (new air conditioned dorms) and meals for those outside the commuting radius 3 graduate credits available at reduced cost; free PDP's (Professional Development Points) Also available: STEM DIGITAL Institute July 12-16 See flyer

5. What: Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter = 1 x 10 -9 m nano.gov

6. How small are nanostructures? Single Hair Width = 0.1 mm = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers !

7. Smaller still Hair. Red blood cell 6,000 nanometers DNA 3 nanometers

8. Relative sizes Atomic nuclei ~ 10 -15 meters = 10 -6 nanometers Atoms ~ 10 -10 meters = 0.1 nanometers Nanoscale ~ 1 to 100 nanometers ~ 10 to 1000 atoms Everyday world ~ 1 meter = 10 9 nanometers More on powers of ten on our website, others

9. How: Making Nanostructures

10. Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing "Top down" versus "bottom up" methods Lithography Deposition Etching Machining Chemical Self-Assembly

11. Self Assembly

12. SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS Block A Block B 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A ~10 nm Ordered Phases PMMA PS Phase separation...on the nanoscale

13. Self-Assembled Nanoscale "Stencils" Deposition Template Etching Mask Nanoporous Membrane Remove polymer block within cylinders (expose and develop) A self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system (physical or electrochemical)

14. Why: Applications

15. Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale? To make better and new products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, etc) To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science, technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

16. http://www.masspolicy.org/p df/workshop/rejeski.pdf

17. 10 GB 2001 20 GB 2002 40 GB 2004 80 GB 2006 160 GB 2007 Example: Data storage capacity of the iPod Hard drive Magnetic data storage Uses nanotechnology! Nanomagnets!

18. Scaling Down to the Nanoscale Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of real estate ! Now ~ 100 billion bits/in 2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in 2 25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter, or all Library of Congress books on a 1 sq ft tile!

19. Solar Cells Konarka Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.

20. Nanostructured Solar Cells + - Sunlight Voltage load Current More interface area - More power!

21. Targeted Cancer Therapy

22. Cancer Therapy tumor gold nanoshells Naomi Halas group, Rice Univ. www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390 targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment Nanoshells are coated with a substance that binds them to cancer cells. Absorb IR and destroy cancer cells with heat; no harm to healthy cells

23. More Applications Sunscreens with nanoparticles to block UVA –Earlier sunscreens only block UVB; UVA and UVB both cause cancer Water purification with nanofilters http://nanosense.org/ - sunscreen and nanofiltershttp://nanosense.org/ Stain resistant fabrics Better Kelvar bullet proof vests

24. Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many applications Physics Chemistry Biology Materials Science Polymer Science Electrical Engineering Chemical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine And others Electronics Materials Health/Biotech Chemical Environmental Energy Aerospace Automotive Security Forest products And others

25. Nanoscale Thin Films

26. Todays Agenda Ben Franklins ObservationBen Franklins Observation Interactions between Oleic Acid and WaterInteractions between Oleic Acid and Water Create a thin film of oleic acidCreate a thin film of oleic acid Calculate the thickness of the thin film of oleic acidCalculate the thickness of the thin film of oleic acid

27. Was Ben Franklin an Early Nanoscientist ?

28. Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....

29. ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful...... perhaps half an Acre CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of Ben Franklins oil? Volume = (Area)(Thickness) V = A T V = 1 teaspoonful A = 0.5 acre ~ 2 cm 3 ~ 2,000 m 2 T = V/A 20,000,000 cm 2 T = 2 cm 3 20,000,000 cm 2 T = 0.0000001 cm T = 1 x 10 -7 cm T = 1 x 10 -9 m T = 1 nanometer

30. It would be difficult to conduct a thin film experiment on the UMass Amherst campus pond.

31. A plastic tray can be used to experiment with thin films. However, you need to use much less than a teaspoon of oil.

32. You will form a thin film on the surface of water using a small amount of one of olive oils ingredients.

33. That ingredient is oleic acid. The polar end of oleic acid molecules are attracted to polar water molecules.

34. When you pour a very small amount of oleic acid onto the surface of water, the oleic acid molecules can self-assemble into a thin layer. When you pour a very small amount of oleic acid onto the surface of water, the oleic acid molecules can self-assemble into a thin layer.

35. In a small drop of oleic acid there are billions of oleic acid molecules that will stand up like blades of grass on the surface of water In a small drop of oleic acid there are billions of oleic acid molecules that will stand up like blades of grass on the surface of water.

36. The thin film of oleic acid forms a Langmuir Film. The thin film can be confined to a specific area with a barrier. You will use small particles as a confining barrier. The thin film of oleic acid forms a Langmuir Film. The thin film can be confined to a specific area with a barrier. You will use small particles as a confining barrier. water hydrophobic end hydrophilic end

37. Now its your turn to create a thin layer on the surface of water. Water is in each plastic tray.Water is in each plastic tray. Make a very dilute solution of oleic acid in alcohol.Make a very dilute solution of oleic acid in alcohol. Determine how many drops of a very dilute solution are in one cm 3 of the very dilute solution.Determine how many drops of a very dilute solution are in one cm 3 of the very dilute solution. Evenly sprinkle a layer of baby powder across the surface of the water.Evenly sprinkle a layer of baby powder across the surface of the water. Let one drop of the very dilute solution of oleic acid spread across the surface of the water.Let one drop of the very dilute solution of oleic acid spread across the surface of the water. The alcohol solvent will dissolve in water leaving a thin film of oleic acid solute on the surfaceThe alcohol solvent will dissolve in water leaving a thin film of oleic acid solute on the surface Measure the average diameter of the circular layer of oleic acid.Measure the average diameter of the circular layer of oleic acid.

38. A Sample Calculation of the volume of oleic acid in just one drop of the second dilute solution A Sample Calculation of the volume of oleic acid in just one drop of the second dilute solution The following steps correspond to the sequence of calculations on your calculation worksheet. The following steps correspond to the sequence of calculations on your calculation worksheet. Step 1: The volume fraction = 1 / 25 Step 2: 0.04 cm 3 Step 3: 0.04 cm 3 / 25 = 0.0016 cm 3 Step 4: A group determined that 40 drops of the second dilute solution = 1.0 cm 3. Step 5: If a group determined that 40 drops of the second solution of oleic acid had a volume of 1.0 cm 3 ; Then 0.0016 cm 3 / 40 = 0.00004 cm 3.

39. A sample calculation of the thickness of the oleic acid film Step 6: If a group estimated that average diameter their thin film of oleic acid was 14.50 cm, then the average radius is 7.25 cm. Step 7: Area = 3.14 x R 2 For example: The area of that thin film was 165.05 cm 2 Step 8: If Volume = Area x Depth; If Volume = Area x Depth; Then: Depth = Volume / Area and the thickness of the example groups film would be 2.42 x 10 -7 cm. Then: Depth = Volume / Area and the thickness of the example groups film would be 2.42 x 10 -7 cm. Step 9: 2.42 x 10 -7 cm = 2.42 x 10 -9 m = 2.42 nanometers

40. A Few Questions What might be some sources of error when calculating the thickness of a layer of oleic acid? What might be some sources of error when calculating the thickness of a layer of oleic acid? How could the sources of error be minimized? How could the sources of error be minimized? What would be some challenges when using a tray the size of a dinner plate? What would be some challenges when using a tray the size of a dinner plate?

41. The Big Ideas in Self-Assembly Structural components are mobile.Structural components are mobile. The goal is a low energy equilibrium state.The goal is a low energy equilibrium state. Ordered structures result from a less ordered system.Ordered structures result from a less ordered system. Assembly is a result of attractive or repulsive forces between the components.Assembly is a result of attractive or repulsive forces between the components. An environment is selected to induce designed interaction.An environment is selected to induce designed interaction. Components retain physical identity through and after.Components retain physical identity through and after. The process is reversible or adjustable.The process is reversible or adjustable. Whitesides & Boncheva (2002)

42. Nanotechnology Summer Institute Monday to Friday, June 27-July 1, 2011 UMass Amherst Middle and High School Science, Math, and Technology Teachers; Informal Educators (from anywhere) $75/day stipends ($375 total), materials, parking, lunches Housing (new air conditioned dorms) and meals for those outside the commuting radius 3 graduate credits available at reduced cost; free PDP's (Professional Development Points) Also available: STEM DIGITAL Institute July 12-16 See flyer