1. 1 Learning By Observation Module 20

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3. 3  Bandura’s Experiments  Applications of Observational Learning Learning by Observation Overview

4. 4 Learning by Observation Higher animals, especially humans, learn through observing and imitating others. The monkey on the right imitates the monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to obtain a reward. © Herb Terrace

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6. 6 Mirror Neurons Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning. Neurons that shaped civilization at TED 7:44 Neurons that shaped civilization at TED Reprinted with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Subiaul et al., Science 305: 407-410 (2004) © 2004 AAAS.

7. 7 Imitation Onset Learning by observation begins early in life. This 14- month-old child imitates the adult on TV in pulling a toy apart. Children see, children do. Meltzoff, A.N. (1998). Imitation of televised models by infants. Child Development, 59 1221-1229. Photos Courtesy of A.N. Meltzoff and M. Hanuk.

8. 8 Bandura's Experiments Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments. General idea “People learn by observing others.” Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University

9. 9 Bandura Methodology You do not have to write this methodology, it will become clear when you see the clips of the research.

10. 10 Albert Bandura: Hypothesis Believed we learn through observation and imitation Hypothesized that children would imitate aggressive behavior they observed =

11. 11 Bandura’s Methodology Children watched films of adults beating Bobo dolls Three groups: aggression-rewarded, aggression- punished, no consequences Children went into rooms with toys

12. 12 Bandura’s Results Children in the aggression-punished group expressed the fewest aggressive behaviors toward the Bobo dolls Children in the other two groups expressed an equal number of aggressive behaviors and were more aggressive than children in the aggression-punished group EFFECT OF OBSERVED CONSEQUENCE ON IMITATIVE BEHAVIOR

13. 13 Bandura’s Experiment Cont. Children then promised rewards for imitating the adult in the film Now, all three groups were equally aggressive Children had learned the aggressive behavior from the film, but those who saw the adults being punished were less likely to act aggressively Viewing aggressive behavior Rewards for imitationAggressive behavior + =

14. 14 Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Relates to effects of violence and other images on TV and in the movies Children imitate good and neutral behaviors as well as bad ones

15. 15 This series of photographs shows children observing and modeling aggressive behavior. Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll ExperimentAlbert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment 5:03

16. 16 Applications of Observational Learning Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV) may have antisocial effects.

17. 17 Positive Observational Learning Prosocial (positive, helpful) models may have prosocial effects. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

18. 18 Television and Observational Learning Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express increased aggression. Ron Chapple/ Taxi/ Getty Images

19. 19 Modeling Violence Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of aggression. Children modeling after pro wrestlers Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Glassman/ The Image Works

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21. 21 Video games, a good side? The better that people got at Medal of Honor, the more their attention and memory skills outside the game skyrocketed.

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24. 24 EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad, Amy Jones w Garber edits Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008