1. Hardware

2. Computer and Communication
Control Cards
Peripherals
ROM
BIOS
BUS (MB)
CPU
RAM
Storage
Hard disk CD
Architecture
Hardware
Communication
Computer and Communication
Hardware

3. 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 13 12 14 9 11 10 Communication Control Cards
System Software
Language and
App. Software
User Program 2 1 3 4 5 6 7
Control Cards 8

4. Figure 4.1, Major Hardware Component Categories
Software
Process Control &
Memory
Management
Output
Port 2
Storage &
Retrieval
Processes
Output
Port
Port
Output 3 4 1 7
Bus Systems
(Mother Board
&
Control Cards)
Secondary
Storage
Devices
RAM 5 6
Input Devices
Output Devices
ROM
CPU
Hardware
Figure 4.1, Major Hardware Component Categories

5. Figure 4.2-a, The Arrangement in a Typical Study Room3
Shelves 4
9-a
9-b In
Tray
Out
Tray
Desk
Task 3
Task 1
Task 2 2 7 6 8
Recording 1 5
Person 1 1
Thinking
Controlling
Figure 4.2-a, The Arrangement in a Typical Study Room

6. (CPU) Mother Board I/O Volatile Secondary Non-Volatile Central Primary
Memory
Secondary
Non-Volatile
I/O
(CPU)
Central
Processing
Unit

8. ASUS P4C800 Deluxe
Input / Output

9. Figure 4.2-b, The Architecture (Arrangements) of a Typical Micro-Computer

10. Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Registers
ALU
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Cache Memory
Control Unit
Figure 4.3, The Architecture (Arrangements) of a Typical Central Processing Unit (CPU)

11. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Notebook computer
Tablet PC
Smart phone
PDA
Pages
Figures 1-15 – 1-18
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

12. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Handheld computer
Portable media player
Digital camera
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 1, Click Web Link from left navigation,
then click Digital Cameras below Chapter 1
Pages
Figures 1-19 – 1-20
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

13. Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1
Game Consoles
A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games
Page 18
Figure 1-21
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

14. Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1
Servers
A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network
Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1
Page 19
Figure 1-22

15. Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1
Mainframes
A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously
Page 19
Figure 1-23
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

16. Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1
Supercomputers
A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer
Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second
Page 19
Figure 1-24
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

17. Embedded Computers
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product
Consumer Electronics
Home Automation Devices
Automobiles
Process Controllers and Robotics
Computer Devices and Office Machines
Page 19
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

18. Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1
Embedded Computers
Page 20
Figure 1-25
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

20. Communication

21. Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition
The Physical CPU
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

22. Instructions and Instruction Sets
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

23. Instructions and Instruction Sets
The NOT instruction transforms the boolean value true into false and the value false into true.
NOT 0 = 1
NOT 1 = 0
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

24. Instructions and Instruction Sets
The AND instruction generates the result true if both of its data inputs are true.
0 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

25. Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition
Clock Rate
Clock Rate – the frequency at which the system clock generates timing pulses.
The rate are measured in Hertz (Hz) – one cycle per second.
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

26. Operating Systems

27. Processes Figure 4.4-a, Tasks 4 5 2 6 3 Storage & Retrieval Input
Output
Input
Processes
Memory 2 6 3
Figure 4.4-a, Tasks

28. Operating Systems Processes
Storage &
Retrieval
Output
Input
Processes
Memory 2 3 4 5 6
Output Control
Input Control
User Control
Process
Control &
Management
Secondary
Storage
Control
Operating Systems 1
Figure 4.4-b, Major Functions of Operating Systems: Managing the Resources-to-Tasks Allocations

29. Figure 111-2, OS management Functions
CPU
Interrupt Handling
Scheduling
Memory (RAM)
Allocation
Address Resolution VM
2ndary Mem
Access Control
Directory / File Mgmt
Backup /Recovery
I/O
I / O Services
Device Mgmt
Processes
Thread Control
Queue Mgmt
Inter-process communication
User Mgmt
Authorization
Authentication
Account Maintenance
Accounting
Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

30. Layers of an Operating System
Interface
(Command
Layer)
Hardware
CPU
RAM
Storage
Architecture
ROM
Communication
Service
Layer
Command
Application
Program
Resources-to-Jobs Allocation
Kernel
Requests
Device Drivers
Figure 4.7, Layers in Typical Operating Systems

31. Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

32. Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition
Operating Systems
Using SL
utility
Kernel:
Directly interact with hardware
IS machine independent (transparent)
Windows NT CD-ROM: i386, Alpha, etc
Service Layer:
Facilitates service requests from application programs to the kernel: AP >> SL utilities, SL>> Device Drives
Command Layer:
The user directly requests services through a textual or graphic command interpreter
Examples: DOS COMMAND.COM, IBM MVS JCL, UNIX Bourne Shell
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

33. Older Adobe
Older Encarta ON
Older Drivers
New
Operating
System?
Re-Learn ! Reorganize ! NO ON NO
Older Software
Figure 4.6, Some Costs and Inconveniences of Changing the Operating Systems

34. Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition
Word Size
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

35. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

36. Operating System Management Functions
CPU
Interrupt Handling
Scheduling
Memory (RAM)
Allocation
Address Resolution VM
2ndary
Memory
Access Control
Directory / File Management
Backup /Recovery
I/O
I / O Services
Device Mgmt
Processes
Thread Control
Queue Mgmt
Inter-process communication
User Mgmt
Authorization
Authentication
Account Maintenance
Accounting

37. WINTEL MONOPOLY: History, Present, Future
Figure 3-10,
Burd, Systems Architecture,
WINTEL MONOPOLY: History, Present, Future
Who are the competitors?
Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition