1. Foundations of Sociological Inquiry Getting A Job

2. Today’s Objectives  Discuss Getting A Job  What is the Research Question  What Methods Were Used  How Does it Relate to What We Think We Know about Gender Inequality in the Labor Market  Questions?

3. Who Wrote “Getting A Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty”? 1. Julie Brines & Kara Joyner 2. Shelly Correll, Stephen Benard & In Paik 3. Michelle Budig & Paula England 4. Deborah Anderson, Melissa Binder, & Kate Krause

4. What was the Research Question in “Getting A Job”? 1. What is the wage gap between women and men? 2. Why would being a parent lead to disadvantages in the workplace for women? 3. Why are women more likely to take care of children? 4. How do workplaces help families manage work- family conflict?

5. What was the primary hypothesis in “Getting A Job”? 1. the motherhood penalty exists because women don’t get as much education as men 2. the motherhood penalty exists because women are more likely to have children than men 3. the motherhood penalty exists because women are uncommitted workers 4. the motherhood penalty exists because cultural understandings of the motherhood role are in tension with the cultural understandings of the ideal worker role

6. What methods did Correll, Benard, & Paik use to study why parenthood is associated with workplace disadvantages for women? 1. ethnography 2. sample survey 3. a laboratory experiment 4. an audit study 5. a laboratory experiment and an audit study

7. What factors do Correll et al. offer as explanations for the motherhood wage gap in “Getting A Job”? 1. Reduced investment in human capital by mothers 2. Lower work effort by mothers compared with nonmothers 3. Unobserved heterogeneity between mothers and nonmothers 4. Discrimination against mothers by employers 5. All of the above

8. The laboratory experiment  192 paid undergraduates (84 men, 108 women)  rated a pair of fictious job applicants:  equally qualified  same gender (either male or female)  same-race (either African-American or white)  fictitious job applicants, presented as real, who differed on parental status  student raters complete evaluation sheet  competence and commitment  ability standards  evaluation (salary, promotion, mgmt training, hire)

9. The laboratory results  Competency and commitment:  mothers perceived as less competent and less committed than non-mothers  Ability standards:  mothers held to harsher performance and punctuality standards  Evaluation:  lower starting salaries for mothers  mothers viewed as less promotable  mothers less likely to be recommended for management training  mothers less likely to be recommended for hire

10. The audit study  1,276 applications to 648 employers  Letters and resumes submitted in response to newspaper ad for entry and mid-level marketing and business openings  equally qualified  gender signaled by name  parent status signaled by PTA involvement and reference to family in cover letter

11. The audit results  Childless women more than twice as likely to receive callback than women with children  Fathers more likely to be called back than non- fathers  Childless women more likely to receive callbacks than childless men

12. How Does “Getting A Job” Relate to What We Think We Know About Gender Inequality in the Labor Market?

13.  Methodological  Employs both laboratory experiment and audit study to investigate the mechanisms underlying observed gender inequalities and parenthood  Audit study provides external validity  Finds that mothers are evaluated differently than fathers

14. How Does “Getting A Job” Relate to What We Think We Know About Gender Inequality in the Labor Market?  Methodological  Employs both laboratory experiment and audit study to investigate the mechanisms underlying observed gender inequalities and parenthood  Audit study provides external validity  Finds that mothers are evaluated differently than fathers  Theoretical  Supports theories of status-based discrimination  Normative expectations about intensive mothering are inconsistent with normative expectations of ideal workers

15. Questions?