1. Residential mobility and social segregation in Amsterdam 1890-1940 Henk Laloli NIWI-KNAW Amsterdam

2. Aim of the study Relate individual residential mobility patterns to changes in social segregation Questions  Do we see a residential mobility pattern of moving out of the centre in the sample?  Did these moves contribute to social segregation?  What do residential mobility and segregation tell us about urban development?

3. Sources and subjects City and neighbourhood level tax and housing rent data Sample of dockworkers or casual workers from the population register Who? The poorest people in the city with on and off jobs, high fertility, very low incomes

4. Amsterdam development

6. Residential mobility

7. Dockworkers’ distribution differs from city population Change does not keep pace with city population

8. Residential mobility Two cohorts: addresses starting round 1900 and after 1909 to 1930s Dockworkers move to new areas They keep living near the harbour Their distribution is very different from the general population: overrepresented in old city and working-class districts

9. How could they move to the new areas? The new areas generally have higher rents

10. Regression analysis on low rent housing of workers’ last adresses in 1930s New zones: few low rents Working class areas: high on low rents

12. Dockworkers live around the harbour in the old city Not in elite or middle class districts

13. Elite spreads from old centre to the south Dockworkers remain around harbour

14. Dockworkers live in low rent areas Concentrated in the old centre

15. They move to low rent areas, also in new areas

16. Income segregation Elite Districts 1915 and 1930 1936 Grachtengordel Hugo de Grootgracht - Vondelpark Museum-Concertgebouwbuurt Pijp Amstellanen

18. Impact of the crisis of the 1930s

20. General conclusions Dockworkers live in the areas with low rent housing and lowest income: segregated They continue to do so when they move They don’t keep pace with general population in terms of distribution over new areas Work place and housing rent influence residential choice Dockworkers are able to move to low rent housing in new areas Municipality builts low rent housing in new areas They live in housing built by municipality?

21. City development Social segregation –Social classes are spatially segregated but economic development softens this until 1930 –Crisis of the 1930s increases segregation again (rents weigh higher on budget) Old city degradation? –Loss of population: elite, middle class diminish –Still a mixed area: inner core tends to CBD, part of elite remains –After 1930 working-class districts decline Social differences between zones of development? –Housing quality (rents) and health differ between old and new –Income differences are spread inside the zones –Working-class areas in old and new zones grow nearer in income level Spatial social segration –Takes the form of an opposition between the south and rest Residential mobility pattern of working-class – outward movement into newly built areas like other classes (but more restricted)