1. Colonial Life, “American” Identity Interdependence Enlightenment Awakening War

2. Topic #1 Interdependence in Colonial America

3. I. Restoration Colonies

4. A. Dutch influence 1.New Holland/Amsterdam Hudson, Peter Minuit, 1626 2. Mercantile, tolerant

5. B. The Restoration Colonies 1.1660, the Restoration (proprietary) 2.Middle colonies NY, NJ, PENN, DEL, MD Multicultural, tolerant

6. C. Southern Proprietary Colonies 1.Carolinas, 1670s trade & slaves 2.1732, James Oglethorpe social experiment buffer zone

7. II. Communities of Trade

8. A. West Indies 1.Brown gold 2. Absentee landlords

9. B. Lower South 1.1730s, rice & indigo production world contact 2.Black / white ratio (1720) Sea Islands

10. C. Chesapeake 1.18 th Century, diversification of agriculture 2. Market agriculture

11. D. New England 1.Supplied timber, fish to West Indies 2.Slave trade 3.Least dependent on Britain

12. E. Middle Colonies 1.Colonial “breadbasket” 2.Cosmopolitan centers NY, Philadelphia 3.Land of opportunity(?)

13. III. Community & Work in Colonial Society

14. A. Planter Society & Slavery 1.Early 1700s: white labor drying up 2.Growth in slave trade 1700: 13% of Chesapeake black 1776: 40%

15. 3. American patriarchy noblesse oblige 4. Plantation household

16. 5. Pressure to move west few cities or population centers 6. Lack of skilled (free) labor

17. B. Slave Experience & Culture 1.Middle Passage / seasoning 2. 1620s-1720s isolation

18. 3. Concentration & community - local languages Gullah “ Mus tek cyear a de root fa heal de tree.” - religion animism participatory equality before God

19. 4. Culture as resistance Culture of resistance 5. Limits of resistance Stono Rebellion, 1739

20. 6. The Price of Slavery militant culture gender gap limited economic development limited democratization

21. C. Northern/Middle colonies 1.New opportunities (status: economic) “best poor man’s country”

22. 2. Population explosion (white) 1688, 225K 1775, 2.5M 500K (black) 3.Why? - cheap land, tolerance, skilled labor 4.Tensions: Native Americans Patroons

23. 5. Ethnic communities Scots-Irish, Welsh, Germans, French 6. Market & subsistence patterns “independence”

24. Interdependence among colonies bonds these communities together New living and work patterns erode European traditions Opportunities add to sense of entitlement

25. Topic #2 The Enlightenment and Its Impact on America

26. I. 1600s: Age of Religion

27. A. Religious concerns dominant 1.War 2. Fatalism over optimism “Great Chain of Being” Divine Right of Kings Patriarchy/slavery Puritanism

28. II. 1700s: Age of Reason “Enlightenment” The search for rational basis of law, government, education, philosophy, nature.

29. A. Reason v. faith 1.Intellectuals repulsed by warfare (Salem) 2.Enlightened “self interest” southern planters, northern merchants

30. III. Key Enlightenment Ideas Rationalism/skepticism Optimism Natural Law

31. A. Isaac Newton 1. 1687 – Principia Mathematica 2. Natural law 3. Explodes religious authority

32. B. John Locke 1.Propagandist for English liberalism 2.1689 – Essay Concerning Human Understanding “tabula rasa”

33. 3. 1690 – Two Treatises on Government a. Puritans: govt. was “necessary evil” b. Locke: govt. was a contract 4. Govt. protects “Natural Rights” Life, Liberty, Property

34. IV. Enlightenment influence on colonies Empire of Reason

35. A. Greatest influence 1. Well-educated wealthy urban dwellers/planters

36. B. Colonial Churches 1.Harvard theologians Jonathan Mayhew – right to revolution 2. Deism “liberal” Protestantism Unitarianism

37. C. Uniquely American perspective [“What, then, is the American, This New Man?” - Hector St. John de Crevecoeur”] 1. All things governed by usefulness pragmatism

38. 2. First American Benjamin Franklin -active, confident, improving -Voluntary Associations -Self-education -Social improvement Americans are optimistic, not fatalistic

39. Topic #3: The 1 st Great Awakening That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone, is extended abroad under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God; there is hell's wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand upon, nor any thing to take hold of; there is nothing between you and hell but the air; it is only the power and mere pleasure of God that holds you up.

40. I. What was it? A. 1734-1775: revivals sweep the colonies 1. Included different churches Anglicans = George Whitfield Methodists = John Wesley Presbyterians = Gilbert Tennant

41. 2. Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, 1741 - last-ditch attempt to revive Calvinism God-centered universe predestination America cannot shirk its destiny - detested “money-grubbers” moral relativism

42. B. Why a revival? 1.Class and religious need 2.Economic frustration “River Gods” 3.Women in the Awakening

43. II. Why was it important? Not entirely successful, but… …shapes American religion in two ways

44. A. Revivalism 1.American style of Protestantism always looking for converts 2. Blends religious & political issues 1760s Connecticut: Old Lights v. New Lights

45. 3. Denominationalism: religious pluralism - end of state-supported churches - revivals split churches - breaks political power of churches

46. B. Cultural basis of Revolution 1.Required no education: egalitarian 2.Gave poorer, rural colonists common experience 3.Experience was anti-authoritarian

47. 4. Gave colonists common enemy Satan “Millennialism” King of France (Catholic) King of England

48. Topic #4 The Seven Years (French & Indian) War, 1756-63 War for Empire and the Stirrings of American Nationalism

49. I. Background Britain & France Colonial / mercantile competition

50. A. Distinctive colonization 1.British have numbers 2.French have more Indian allies 3.British colonists imbued w/ Millennialism

51. B. An “American” conflict 1. 1754 – Albany Plan of Union based on Iroquois Confederacy

52. 2. 1754-56: colonies fail to unify it’s Britain’s responsibility 1756, Braddock’s defeat

53. 3. 1757 – Pitt the Elder “at His Majesty’s Expense” 30,000 British troops 20,000 colonial (militias) 4. Appeal crossed class boundaries

54. II. Course of the War

55. A. British losses 1.Strategy, cohesian 2.1758 – negotiations w/ Eastern Tribes

56. B. British successes 1. 1759, Quebec 1760, Montreal Death of General Wolfe – Benjamin West

57. 2. Treaty of Paris, 1763

58. C. Angry colonists 1.Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1762-64 2. Proclamation Line of 1763

59. D. Cultural impact of the war 1.Benign neglect - Americans did not take orders well - shocked at treatment of British soldiers 2. Great Awakening - shocked by Brit conscripts 3. National identity – 4x trade, colonial “mixing” newspaper popularity

60. End of Benign Neglect Navigation Acts (1664) 1763