1. Engineering Design Workshop Quality Design Projects for Science & Engineering Fairs Sponsored by Santa Clara Valley Science and Engineering Fair Association & Silicon Valley Engineering, Manufacturing and Technology Alliance February 2, 2004 for educators

2. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Purpose “…help teachers guide students through the engineering design process.”

3. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Outline Issues and objectives Science fair guidelines Nature of science and engineering Highlight scientific method Engineering design process dissected Summary

4. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 The Issues “Our engineering projects keep showing up with a hypothesis, and are not always tested by the intended user.” “We are increasing the emphasis on project quality and use of the scientific/engineering method.” “Judges do not … value engineering projects.”

5. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Problem Statement Teachers cannot guide students through unfamiliar engineering processes Students are not following steps, specifically not testing with end user in mind Judges do not value the engineering process. They want to see a hypothesis and… Do not see the relationships between science and engineering

6. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Workshop Objectives Teachers will be able to… Explain the salient elements of the engineering design process Guide students through creative projects Promote overall quality improvement for all science and engineering fair projects Value engineering projects

7. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Scope: Not Deeply Covered All the rules! Merit of alternative processes and methods Generating creativity and curiosity Research sources and methods Report writing Display building Safety Requirements

8. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Science Fair Guidelines

9. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Science Fair Guidelines SCVSEFA Handbook 2004 (Blue Copy) Tri-fold Application Intel International Science and Engineering Fair www. On line guidelines www.science-fair.org

10. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 ISEF Project Definitions Engineering and Technology Projects that directly apply scientific principles to manufacturing and practical uses--civil, mechanical, aeronautical, chemical, electrical, photographic, sound, automotive, marine, heating and refrigerating, transportation, environmental engineering, etc. Computer Science Study and development of computer hardware, software engineering, internet networking and communications, graphics (including human interface), simulations/virtual reality or computational science (including data structures, encryption, coding and information theory).

11. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Judging Guidelines Engineering Goals Creative Ability Thoroughness Skill Clarity Teamwork (opt) source judging@science-fair.org

12. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Engineering Judging Guide Clear Objective relevant to potential users’ needs? Solution workable, acceptable to user, economically feasible Solution can be used for design or construction of end product Improvement over previous alternatives Tested for performance under conditions of use

13. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Relationships Among… Science project Science inquiry Engineering analysis Engineering design Product Testing Demonstration Kit building

14. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Project Quality “Engineering projects do not have hypothesis, but they have design criteria that can be stated, tested, and improved. “Product testing projects will not be accepted from grades 10-12. Such projects do not teach the scientific method…. “No demonstration projects will be accepted.” Caution on kit building Source scvesfa handbook p 9 and available on www.science-fair,org

15. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Selected References Painless Science Projects by Brynie SCVSEFA guidelines brochures Web sites (following chart shows local site) Process sheet (in folder) Workshop handouts Workshop CD

16. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124

17. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Engineering and Science

18. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Purpose and Nature Science is the search for knowledge and understanding Technology is the application of knowledge to satisfy human needs They are both creative problem solving methods!

19. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Engineering is... “ … the profession in which a knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind." ( ABET)

20. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Processes Compared Scientific Method Engineering Design Process Why? Knowledge Need Thing Specification

21. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 The Rest of Engineering

22. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Real Life is Hard The distinctions among science and engineering and technology are often arbitrary Engineering design, product testing, engineering analysis, scientific method are all creative, problem solving processes However, science fair rules are rules… Consider them “company practices”

23. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Engineering Design Process Description

24. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Engineering Design Defined The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need Harrisberger

25. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 The Engineering Design Process? Customer Need or Opportunity Implementation of Optimal Design Evaluation of Designs/ Selection of Optimal Design Development of Alternative Designs Data & Information Collection Problem Definition/ Specifications Source: Accrediting Board For Engineering and Technology

26. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 SCVSEFA Engineering Process Observe the world, define a need, problem What has been done? Choose an idea How will you evaluate; list design criteria Prepare initial design Draw diagram and label parts Build & test prototype using design criteria Redesign and retest as necessary Prepare tech exhibit and paper

27. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 ISEF Engineering Design Define a need Develop design criteria Search literature to see what has been done Prepare preliminary designs Build and test a prototype Redesign and retest as necessary Source: http://www.sciserv.org/isef/document/index

28. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Processes in General Many processes, little consensus Differ more in terminology than substance Creative types deny they follow rules Circular representations say start anywhere Straight line ones say from the top When in doubt, pick fewer steps! Understand the salient features!

29. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient Feature Defined The essence of… Common to most accepted practices Differentiable from science experiments Cited in Fair project rules

30. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient Design Features 1.Meets a need, has a “customer” 2.Design criteria and constraints 3.Evaluate alternatives (systems or components) 4.Build prototype (figuratively) 5.Test/evaluate against test plans (criteria) 6.Analyze, “tweak” ( ), redesign (  ), retest 7.Project book: record, analyses, decisions, specs

31. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Dissecting the Engineering Design Process

32. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient #1 Need Have a need, have a customer External vs internal; Implied vs explicit Often stated as functional requirement Often stated as bigger, cheaper, faster, lighter Boilerplate purpose: The design and construction of a (better____something)_____ for (kids, manufacturing, medicine) to do __________.

33. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient #2: Criteria & Constraints “Design criteria are requirements you specify for your design that will be used to make decisions about how to build the product” Aesthetics Geometry Physical Features Performance Inputs-Outputs Use Environment Usability Reliability

34. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Some Design Constraints Cost Time Knowledge Legal, ethical Physical: size, weight, power, durability Natural, topography, climate, resources Company practices

35. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Activity/Demonstration Product index cards Pair up as customer-designer Variation on 20 questions Identify some design criteria and constraints for sample products Discuss

36. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient #3: Evaluate Alternatives Needs best stated as function, not form Likely to find good alternatives for cheapest, fastest, lightest, and encourage discovery Research should reveal what has been done Improve on what has been done Play alternatives off criteria and constraints Brainstorming helps

37. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Simulation

38. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Best Design Choose best design that meets criteria Demonstrate tradeoff analyses (among criteria and constraints) is high quality Cost (lifecycle) is always consideration Resist overbuilding; drives complexity, cost, time, resources A quality design meets customers expectations!

39. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient #4: Prototype Prototype is implementation of chosen design alternative It is a proof of design, production and suitability Prototypes are often cost prohibitive: Models and simulations may suffice Quality design does not include redesigning a lot of prototypes

40. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Prototype picture of 747

41. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient #5: Test it Well Test and optimize design against constraints and customer expectations. Create a test plan showing how to test Test in the conditions of use Good test plan shows what test, expected results how to test, and what analyses will be. It relates to specification requirements E.g test plan for lightbulb (activity)

42. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Activity: Light Bulb Test Base fit-yes/no-first article demo Brightness-lumens-measure Life-hours-statistical sample Packaging-drop test-do last Robustness-vibration, temperature-test article Duty cycle-count on/off-prototype Production assembly-time-demonstration

43. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient #6: Test and Redesign

44. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Test Results Successful Test: Satisfying Test Failure: Priceless

45. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient #7: Project book Project data book A complete record All key decisions Good drawings Test plans Results Conclusions Things learned

46. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Draw a Good Picture Drawings for project notebook, application, display Photos, sketches, CAD 2-D or 3-D Show assembly, components, materials

47. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Product Sketches

48. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Other Drawings

49. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Model Abstract Engineering goal ~ purpose ~ need –Design and construction of gum-repelling shoe Design and evaluation criteria Procedures and equipment –Alternatives, solution, prototype features Test plan ~ test results Conclusions –Met need? Why not? Changes? Knowledge?

50. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Summary

51. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Processes Compared Hypothesis Experiment Conclude Need Criteria, constraints Alternatives Build prototype Test, modify, retest Specification “The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need”

52. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Salient Design Features 1.Meets a need, has a “customer” 2.Design criteria and constraints 3.Evaluate alternatives (systems or components) 4.Build prototype (figuratively) 5.Test/evaluate against test plans (criteria) 6.Analyze, “tweak” ( ), redesign (  ), retest 7.Project book: record, analyses, decisions, specifications

53. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Summary: A Superior Project A clear and relevant need from customer Research what’s been done before: don’t make theories out of facts Enough criteria to develop alternative designs and perform design trades Prototype built after best design choses Test prototype as it will be used Comprehensive project book, good specs

54. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Avoid These Pitfalls No need, no end product Analysis as a product Turning facts into questions with hypotheses Reverse engineering the process Ah ha!, gadgetry, kits Demonstrations, product testing Testing without asking the user No analysis of prototype test results

55. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Activity/Demonstration Examine project abstracts Categorize projects as science or engineering or unclear Evaluate quality

56. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Workshop Evaluation Plusses and Minuses Objectives met? Content balanced, relevant, appropriate? Presentation? Time Management? Facility? Materials?

57. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Activities Optional Additional Activities

58. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Activity/Demonstration Good and bad examples Compare and contrast engineering process and scientific method Teachers design and evaluate simulated project. Role play design team exercise with customers, designers, and evaluators Teachers evaluate how workshop met objectives

59. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Activity/Demonstration Categorize actual projects as science, engineering, product testing, or engineering analysis Use abstracts from actual science fair entries Include exercise abstracts in workbook 

60. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Key Terms Define in context and summarize here.. Prototype Model Simulation Hypothesis Design criteria Design constraints

61. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Backups

62. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 About the Scientific Method Remove this section if time is limited

63. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Scientific Method(s) Be curious Research Hypothesis Experiment, data Reach Conclusions Prepare report and exhibit Observe Do research Formulate hypothesis Design experiment Stop. Do application Conduct experiments Evaluate, conclusions Prep paper & exhibit Prepare abstract Source: http://www.sciserv.org/isef/document/index Source: SCVSEFA Handbook Science Fair Expanded process

64. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Scientific Method “The notion of a single scientific method is so pervasive it seems certain that many students must be disappointed when they discover that scientists do not have a framed copy of the steps of the scientific method posted high above each laboratory workbench.” McComas, William, Ten myths of science: Reexamining what we think we know, Vol. 96, School Science & Mathematics, 01-01-1996, pp 10 http://amasci.com/.

65. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Consensus Science Project Research: observation and data Problem: the scientific question to be solved Hypothesis: an idea about the solution Experiment: test the hypothesis Project conclusion Presentation and Report Source: Discovery.com Janice VanCleave’s Science Fair Handbook

66. 5/30/05Prepared by JR Hull Program Mgt Services 760-731-0124 Hypothesis An educated guess Prediction of outcome That which can be measured and tested Cause and effect Example: if x is true, then y will happen To help answer “Why”?