1. Introduction to Database Indra Budi Indra@cs.ui.ac.id CS - UI

2. Database I – Introduction to Database Why Use A Database ?  Redundancy (duplication of data) wasteful of space (storage) update inefficiencies  (when a dept’s name change, the "record" must be changed each place it is stored) data inconsistency (simple keying mistake in the dept name, accidentally have a IS as well as CS, users will wonder whether we have new dept or it’s a mistake)  we chose dept from existing dept

3. Database I – Introduction to Database List of Teacher Salary & Bonus NameAddressPhone Office SalaryBonusDept. Sill, Bill1 Apple Rd. 07145$54,613$27,502CS Lan, Jackie 18 Lord Rd. 07122$46,215$28,102Politics James, Hal 17 Main Street 07122$48,112$24,016Politics Lan, Hennie 20 Lord Rd. 07145$44,000$22,032CS Gold, Amy 21 Dear Lane 07122$42,465$26,217Politics Doe, John 4 High Street 07102$40,810$25,419Economi cs

4. Database I – Introduction to Database The Main Purpose of Database

5. Database I – Introduction to Database Applications of databases Banks Hospital Library Supermarket Magazine & newspaper subscriptions

6. Database I – Introduction to Database Extensions Multimedia databases Geographic Information Systems Data warehouse On-line analytical processing (OLAP) Active & real-time databases

7. Database I – Introduction to Database Definition Collection of related data which has meaning What is data ? Known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning Examples: names, phone number, address the people Those data can be recorded using Ms- Access, Excel, Dbase, etc.

8. Database I – Introduction to Database Properties Represents some aspect of the real world, called miniworld or Universe of Discourse Logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning Designed, built and populated for specific purpose

9. Database I – Introduction to Database More Properties Small database: phonebook on your handphones! Large & complex database: tax office database Why is it much more complex? The database may be generated and maintain manually or computerized Manually ? Computerized ?

10. Database I – Introduction to Database DBMS Database Management System is a collection of softwares that facilitates the process of defining, constructing and manipulating database for various applications

11. Database I – Introduction to Database Database System Environment

12. Database I – Introduction to Database Component of A Database System

13. Database I – Introduction to Database ‘University’ database example Has 5 files (‘tables’): Student Course Section Grade Report Prerequisite See how do they relate to each other! How do we define, construct & manipulate?

14. Database I – Introduction to Database

15. Characteristic of Database Approach Self describing nature Insulation between program and data Support of multiple views of data Sharing of data & multiuser transaction processing

16. Database I – Introduction to Database Self describing nature As oppose to unstructured data Meta-data describes the structure of the database In traditional file processing, data definition is part of the application program

17. Database I – Introduction to Database Insulation between programs & data Changes to the data structure does not generally require changing the program For example, adding a new field ‘Birthday’ The ‘data structure’ is not in the program We call this program-data independence DBMS provides conceptual representation User or programmer does not need to know how the DBMS store the data in the disk / file.

18. Database I – Introduction to Database Multiple Views

19. Database I – Introduction to Database Sharing & Multiuser DBMS provides concurrency control to ensure ‘correct’ behavior when multiple users update the same database Example: airline seat reservation It is called On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP)

20. Database I – Introduction to Database The Actors Database administrator Authorizing access rights Database designers Defines the structure of data to be stored End users: Sophisticated non-programmer users Naïve users Application programmers

21. Database I – Introduction to Database Advantages of Using a DBMS Controlling redundancy Restricting unauthorized access Provides persistent storage for data structures Permits inferencing Multiple user interfaces Represents complex relations amongst data Enforcing integrity constraints Provides backup & recovery

22. Database I – Introduction to Database Implications of Database to Organizations Could enforce standards Reduce application development time Flexibility Availability of up-to-date information Economies of scale

23. Database I – Introduction to Database History of Database Processing

24. Database I – Introduction to Database Early Database Models Before mid-1960s, only sequential file processing using magnetic tape was possible In mid-1960s, disk storage enabled hierarchical and network database IBM’s DL/I (Data Language One) CODAYSL’s DBTG (Data Base Task Group) model  the basis of current DBMSs

25. Database I – Introduction to Database The Relational Model E.F. Codd introduced the relational model in 1970 DB2 from IBM is the first DBMS product based on the relational model Other DBMS based on the relational model were developed in the late 1980s Today, DB2, Oracle, and SQL Server are the most prominent commercial DBMS products based on the relational model

26. Database I – Introduction to Database Personal Computer DBMS The advent of microcomputer increases popularity of personal databases Graphical User Interface (GUI) make it easy to use Examples of early DBMS products: dBase, R:base, and Paradox

27. Database I – Introduction to Database Object Oriented DBMS (OODBMS) Object-oriented programming started in the mid-1980s Goal of OODBMS is to store object-oriented programming objects in a database without having to transform them into relational format Object-relational DBMS products, such as Oracle 8i and 9i, allow both relational and object views of data on the same database Currently, OODBMS have not been a commercial success due to high cost of relational to object- oriented transformation

28. Database I – Introduction to Database Recent History Success story of the Microsoft Access Microsoft Office suite and Windows integration Easy-to-use and powerful personal DBMS Internet database XML and database integration

29. Database I – Introduction to Database Library Checkout List Sam Archer's card is lost and the card number shown must be replaced, what problem could be occur ? If Some Good Fiction is lost and must be removed from the list, what the problem you see will happen ? If a new book named Still More Good Fiction is purchased by the library, is it appear in the list ? Why ?

30. Database I – Introduction to Database More Exercise… In a database processing system : 1. the database application(s) interact(s) with the DBMS 2. the database application(s) access(es) the database data 3. the DBMS accesses the database data Which one is correct ?